diff --git a/src/diagnostic/diagnostic_kind.rs b/src/diagnostic/diagnostic_kind.rs
index 015827f..7f16158 100644
--- a/src/diagnostic/diagnostic_kind.rs
+++ b/src/diagnostic/diagnostic_kind.rs
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ pub enum DiagnosticKind {
     UnusedArg(SmolStr),
     UnusedStructField(SmolStr),
     UnusedEnumVariant(SmolStr),
+    EmptyStruct(SmolStr),
 }
 
 impl DiagnosticKind {
@@ -195,6 +196,9 @@ impl DiagnosticKind {
             } => {
                 format!("struct {struct_name} is missing field {field_name}")
             }
+            DiagnosticKind::EmptyStruct(name) => {
+                format!("struct {name} is empty; structs must have at least one field")
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -245,6 +249,7 @@ impl From<&DiagnosticKind> for Level {
             | DiagnosticKind::UnrecognizedEnumVariant(_)
             | DiagnosticKind::UnrecognizedStandardLibraryHeader
             | DiagnosticKind::NoCostumes
+            | DiagnosticKind::EmptyStruct(_)
             | DiagnosticKind::BlockArgsCountMismatch { .. }
             | DiagnosticKind::ReprArgsCountMismatch { .. }
             | DiagnosticKind::ProcArgsCountMismatch { .. }
diff --git a/src/frontend/build.rs b/src/frontend/build.rs
index 6428f94..d333709 100644
--- a/src/frontend/build.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/build.rs
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ pub fn build_impl<'a, T: Write + Seek>(
     );
     visitor::pass3::visit_project(&mut project);
     visitor::pass4::visit_project(&mut project);
+    visitor::pass5::visit_project(&mut project, &mut stage_diagnostics, &mut sprites_diagnostics);
     log::info!("{:#?}", project);
     sb3.project(
         fs.clone(),
diff --git a/src/visitor.rs b/src/visitor.rs
index 9d827e7..d8b0df5 100644
--- a/src/visitor.rs
+++ b/src/visitor.rs
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@ pub mod pass1;
 pub mod pass2;
 pub mod pass3;
 pub mod pass4;
+pub mod pass5;
 mod transformations;
diff --git a/src/visitor/pass5.rs b/src/visitor/pass5.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e70d371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/visitor/pass5.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use crate::{
+    diagnostic::{
+        DiagnosticKind,
+        SpriteDiagnostics,
+    },
+    ast::Project,
+    misc::SmolStr,
+};
+use fxhash::FxHashMap;
+
+pub fn visit_project(
+    project: &mut Project,
+    stage_diagnostics: &mut SpriteDiagnostics,
+    sprites_diagnostics: &mut FxHashMap<SmolStr, SpriteDiagnostics>,
+) {
+    // Check stage structs
+    for (name, struct_) in &project.stage.structs {
+        if struct_.fields.is_empty() {
+            stage_diagnostics.report(
+                DiagnosticKind::EmptyStruct(name.clone()),
+                &struct_.span,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check sprite structs
+    for (sprite_name, sprite) in &project.sprites {
+        if let Some(diagnostics) = sprites_diagnostics.get_mut(sprite_name) {
+            for (name, struct_) in &sprite.structs {
+                if struct_.fields.is_empty() {
+                    diagnostics.report(
+                        DiagnosticKind::EmptyStruct(name.clone()),
+                        &struct_.span,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/empty_struct_test.gs b/tests/empty_struct_test.gs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1e8f74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/empty_struct_test.gs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Test empty struct
+type empty {}
+
+// This should trigger the empty struct error
+list empty mylist;
+
+onflag {
+  say length(mylist);
+}
diff --git a/tests/empty_struct_test.rs b/tests/empty_struct_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73ffb8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/empty_struct_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::env;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_empty_struct_error() {
+    // Get the current directory
+    let current_dir = env::current_dir().expect("Failed to get current directory");
+    println!("Current directory: {}", current_dir.display());
+
+    // Build the project first to make sure we have the latest binary
+    let build_status = Command::new("cargo")
+        .args(["build"])
+        .status()
+        .expect("Failed to build the project");
+    
+    assert!(build_status.success(), "Failed to build the project");
+
+    // Use a relative path to the test file
+    let test_file = "tests/empty_struct_test.gs";
+    let test_file_path = current_dir.join(test_file);
+    
+    // Verify the test file exists
+    assert!(
+        test_file_path.exists(),
+        "Test file not found at: {}",
+        test_file_path.display()
+    );
+    
+    // Run the compiler on our test file using the build command
+    let output = Command::new("cargo")
+        .args(["run", "--", "build", test_file_path.to_str().unwrap()])
+        .output()
+        .expect("Failed to execute command");
+
+    // Convert the output to strings
+    let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+    let all_output = format!("stdout: {}\nstderr: {}", stdout, stderr);
+    
+    // Debug output to help diagnose issues
+    println!("Command output: {}", all_output);
+    
+    // Check that the output contains our error message
+    let error_found = all_output.contains("struct empty is empty; structs must have at least one field")
+        || all_output.contains("EmptyStruct")
+        || all_output.contains("empty struct")
+        || all_output.to_lowercase().contains("empty");
+    
+    assert!(
+        error_found,
+        "Expected error about empty struct, but got: {}",
+        all_output
+    );
+
+    // The command should have failed
+    assert!(!output.status.success(), "Expected command to fail but it succeeded");
+}