@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ after the fact. Additionally, current PQC signature schemes often come with
5353significant computational overhead and larger key/signature sizes compared to
5454their classical counterparts.
5555
56+ Another significant hurdle in the migration to PQ certificates is the upgrade
57+ of root certificates. These certificates have long validity periods and are
58+ installed in many devices and operating systems as trust anchors.
59+
5660Given these differences, the focus for immediate PQC adoption in TLS has been
5761on hybrid key exchange mechanisms. These combine a classical algorithm (such as
5862Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral (ECDHE)) with a PQC algorithm (such as
@@ -73,6 +77,10 @@ enabled by default when there is no explicit configuration, i.e.,
7377and Firefox (version 135, February 2025), as well as OpenSSL (version 3.5.0,
7478April 2025), have also added support for the ` ML-KEM ` based hybrid scheme.
7579
80+ Apple is also [ rolling out support] [ ApplePQC ] for ` X25519MLKEM768 ` in version
81+ 26 of their operating systems. Given the proliferation of Apple devices, this
82+ will have a significant impact on the global PQC adoption.
83+
7684For a more detailed overview of the state of PQC in the wider industry,
7785see [ this blog post by Cloudflare] [ PQC2024 ] .
7886
@@ -204,3 +212,4 @@ platform.
204212[ fork of Go (cfgo) ] : https://github.com/cloudflare/go
205213[ PQC2024 ] : https://blog.cloudflare.com/pq-2024/
206214[ NIST2ndRound ] : https://csrc.nist.gov/news/2024/pqc-digital-signature-second-round-announcement
215+ [ ApplePQC ] : https://support.apple.com/en-lb/122756
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