[12.x] Add Request input contextual attributes

[ziadoz]

This PR adds #[Query], #[Input], #[Post] and #[Validated] contextual attributes, similar to #[Route(...)], that allow GET or POST data to be retrieved from the current request.

They can be used to populate a data object from the request:

final readonly class SearchData
{
    public function __construct(
        #[Query('query')] public string $query,
        #[Query('order', 'asc')] public string $order,
    ) {}
}

Route::get('/', function (SearchData $data) {
    dump($data);
});

Populate a data object from the validated request:

final readonly class PersonData
{
    public function __construct(
        #[Validated('name')] public string $name,
        #[Validated('age', 24)] public int $age,
    ) {}
}

Route::post('/', function (StorePersonRequest $request, PersonData $data) {
    dump($data);
});

Pass a request field directly to the controller:

Route::post('/post/status', function (Post $post, #[Post('status')] $status) {
    $post->update(['status' => $status]);
});

Or the entire GET/POST data array to the controller:

Route::get('/', function (#[Post] array $post) {
    dump($post);
});

I had a skim through the various container methods, but I couldn't see anything that would let me accurately identify the validated request instance in the container, so I tweaked the service provider to store it in the container as request.validated after resolving.

[github-actions]

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[taylorotwell]

I kinda feel like a more comprehensive solution to request objects like spatie/laravel-data would be more appropriate.