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<!doctype html><html lang=en dir=ltr class=scroll-smooth data-default-appearance=dark data-auto-appearance=false><head><meta name=generator content="Hugo 0.141.0"><meta charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=content-language content="en"><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content="ie=edge"><meta name=theme-color><title>laydbg</title>
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</span></a><a href=/fra-challenge-writeups/mycket_json/ aria-label="FRA Challenge Write-up: Mycket JSON" class="flex items-center gap-3 p-2 group bf-icon-color-hover text-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-200"><span title="FRA Challenge Write-up: Mycket JSON" class=text-lg>FRA Challenge Write-up: Mycket JSON
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</span></span><span title class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight"></span></a></div></nav></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function(){var t,n,e=document.querySelector(".main-menu");if(!e)return;t=window.location.pathname,n=e.querySelectorAll('a[href="'+t+'"]'),n.forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelectorAll("span");t.forEach(function(e){e.classList.add("active")})})})()</script></div></div><script type=text/javascript src=/js/background-blur.min.00a57c73ea12f2cab2980c3c3d649e89f6d82f190f74bbe2b67f2f5e39ab7d032ece47086400ca05396758aace13299da49aca43ea643d2625e62c506267a169.js integrity="sha512-AKV8c+oS8sqymAw8PWSeifbYLxkPdLvitn8vXjmrfQMuzkcIZADKBTlnWKrOEymdpJrKQ+pkPSYl5ixQYmehaQ==" data-blur-id=menu-blur></script><div class="relative flex flex-col grow"><main id=main-content class=grow><article class="prose dark:prose-invert max-w-full"><div class=relative><div class="absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 h-1/2"></div><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl p-0"><div class="relative sm:overflow-hidden"><div class="fixed inset-x-0 top-0 -z-10"><img id=background-image class="nozoom mt-0 mr-0 mb-0 ml-0 h-[1000px] w-full object-cover" src=/img/grass.png role=presentation><div class="from-neutral absolute inset-0 h-[1000px] bg-gradient-to-t to-transparent mix-blend-normal dark:from-neutral-800"></div><div class="from-neutral absolute inset-0 h-[1000px] bg-gradient-to-t to-neutral-100 opacity-60 mix-blend-normal dark:from-neutral-800 dark:to-neutral-800"></div></div><div class="relative flex flex-col items-center justify-center px-1 py-1 text-center"><h1 class="mb-2 text-4xl font-extrabold text-neutral-800 dark:text-neutral-200">laydbg</h1><h2 class="mt-0 mb-0 text-xl text-neutral-800 dark:text-neutral-300">Cybersecurity enthusiast</h2><div class="mt-3 mb-10 text-2xl"><div class="flex flex-wrap"><a class="hover:text-primary-400 text-primary-800 dark:text-primary-200 px-1" href=https://github.com/laydbg target=_blank aria-label=Github title=Github rel="me noopener noreferrer"><span class="relative block icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 496 512"><path fill="currentcolor" d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6.0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6.0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3.0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1.0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4.0.0-70 15-84.7-29.8.0.0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6.0.0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4.0.0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5.0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9.0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4.0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6.0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6.0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9.0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg></span></a></div></div><section class="prose dark:prose-invert w-full"></section></div></div></div></div></article><section><h2 class="mt-8 text-2xl font-extrabold mb-10">Recent</h2><section class="w-full grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-3"><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class="flex-none relative overflow-hidden thumbnail_card"><img src=/posts/instamal/feature_hu11856228830225181020.png role=presentation loading=lazy decoding=async class="not-prose absolute inset-0 w-full h-full object-cover"></div><div class=p-4><header><a href=/posts/instamal/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>Generating Diverse Training Environments for Autonomous Cyber Defense</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2026-08-31T00:00:00+00:00>31 Aug 2026</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">This post captures the core of my master thesis project. A link to the full report will be added here once it has been published. Problem and motivation # Threat modeling is a field within cybersecurity generally aimed at identifying potential attack paths through some system of interest and evaluating the effectiveness of defensive strategies. A common representation of attack scenarios is the attack graph, in which nodes represent possible attacker actions and edges represent causal dependencies between those actions. The graph below shows a very minimal example of this.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class="flex-none relative overflow-hidden thumbnail_card"><img src=/posts/undutmaning-2026/feature_hu5245859357598047669.png role=presentation loading=lazy decoding=async class="not-prose absolute inset-0 w-full h-full object-cover"></div><div class=p-4><header><a href=/posts/undutmaning-2026/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>Undutmaning 2026 Writeup</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2026-04-11T00:00:00+00:00>11 Apr 2026</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">Since 2022 the Swedish agencies FRA, Must and Säkerhetspolisen jointly host an annual CTF called Undutmaning. This year’s event took place on March 21st and included a total of 24 challenges to be solved within 8 hours. The challenges span a range of categories and various levels of difficulty.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class=p-4><header><a href=/fra-challenge-writeups/exfiltratoren/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>FRA Challenge Write-up: Exfiltratören</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2026-03-29T00:00:00+00:00>29 Mar 2026</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">This write-up is in Swedish. I may translate it to English in the future. “Yta 0x33 AB, ett hemlighetsfullt företag i rymdbranschen, misstänker att en av dess anställda läcker känslig information till utomstående. Det är ett allvarligt läge, då det finns indikationer på att medarbetaren är agent för en aktör som planerar att genomföra ett inbrott på företaget. Analysera trafiken och försök hitta vilken information som har exfiltrerats. Utmaningen innehåller 7 flaggor.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class="flex-none relative overflow-hidden thumbnail_card"><img src=/posts/djul-writeup-2025/feature_hu16628266876768430728.png role=presentation loading=lazy decoding=async class="not-prose absolute inset-0 w-full h-full object-cover"></div><div class=p-4><header><a href=/posts/djul-writeup-2025/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>dJulkalendern 2025 Writeup</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2026-02-27T00:00:00+00:00>27 Feb 2026</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">Every year Konglig Datasektionen, the Computer Science chapter at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, hosts a CTF-competition with one new challenge (window) per weekday December 1-24 at 12:15 CET. Most challenges are really more of a puzzle or word hunt than a traditional CTF-challenge. dJulkalendern is meant to cater to all students regardless of how far into their education they are, beginning with phone friendly riddle-like puzzles and then increases in difficult with each challenge. The solution to a challenge is always an English word.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class="flex-none relative overflow-hidden thumbnail_card"><img src=/posts/esl-hacking/feature_hu1225601869281028831.jpg role=presentation loading=lazy decoding=async class="not-prose absolute inset-0 w-full h-full object-cover"></div><div class=p-4><header><a href=/posts/esl-hacking/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>ESL Hacking</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2025-12-07T00:00:00+00:00>7 Dec 2025</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">Around this time last year I got curious about how electronic shelf labels (ESLs) work. They are mainly used to display the name, information and price of items in physical stores. You can easily change any of this by simply updating the e-ink display and with most of them you do not have to be in their proximity to do so. I got my hands on two from the manufacturer Pricer with the goal of getting it to display any image of my choosing.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class=p-4><header><a href=/fra-challenge-writeups/mycket_json/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>FRA Challenge Write-up: Mycket JSON</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2025-08-05T00:00:00+00:00>5 Aug 2025</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">This write-up is in Swedish. I may translate it to English in the future. “En angripare har placerat skadlig kod på att flertal mål. Kan du analysera nätverksinspelningen och bilda dig en uppfattning om vad som händer?</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class=p-4><header><a href=/fra-challenge-writeups/olika_angrepp/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>FRA Challenge Write-up: Olika angrepp</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2025-07-29T00:00:00+00:00>29 Jul 2025</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">This write-up is in Swedish. I may translate it to English in the future. “Ett företag har upptäckt misstänkt aktivitet i sitt interna nät. IT-personalen har identifierat följande fyra tillfällen specifikt, och sparat det i medföljande PCAP. Hjälp företaget genom att förklara så noga du kan vad som hänt.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class=p-4><header><a href=/fra-challenge-writeups/anfallet/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>FRA Challenge Write-up: Anfallet</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2025-07-15T00:00:00+00:00>15 Jul 2025</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">This write-up is in Swedish. I may translate it to English in the future. “Vad har en av nätverkets klienter för sig? Förstå trafiken och svara på frågorna.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article><article class="article-link--card relative min-h-full min-w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600"><div class=p-4><header><a href=/fra-challenge-writeups/kattastrofen/ class="not-prose before:absolute before:inset-0 decoration-primary-500 dark:text-neutral text-xl font-bold text-neutral-800 hover:underline hover:underline-offset-2"><h2>FRA Challenge Write-up: Kattastrofen</h2></a></header><div class="text-sm text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center"><time datetime=2025-07-10T00:00:00+00:00>10 Jul 2025</time></div></div><div class="article-link__summary prose dark:prose-invert mt-1 line-clamp-5">This write-up is in Swedish. I may translate it to English in the future. “En statstjänsteman på en skyddsvärd myndighet är svag för bilder på kattungar. I sin iver att ta del av fler sådana bilder, har hen råkat ladda ned något som inte var bra. Inte alls bra. Vi misstänker att skadlig kod har använts för att exfiltrera topphemlig data från myndigheten. Analysera nätverkstrafiken för att ta reda på vad som har hänt.</div></div><div class="px-6 pt-4 pb-2"></div></article></section></section><div id=background-blur class="fixed opacity-0 inset-x-0 top-0 h-full single_hero_background nozoom backdrop-blur-xl bg-neutral-100/75 dark:bg-neutral-800/60"></div><script type=text/javascript src=/js/background-blur.min.00a57c73ea12f2cab2980c3c3d649e89f6d82f190f74bbe2b67f2f5e39ab7d032ece47086400ca05396758aace13299da49aca43ea643d2625e62c506267a169.js integrity="sha512-AKV8c+oS8sqymAw8PWSeifbYLxkPdLvitn8vXjmrfQMuzkcIZADKBTlnWKrOEymdpJrKQ+pkPSYl5ixQYmehaQ==" data-blur-id=background-blur data-image-id=background-image data-image-url=/img/grass.png></script><div id=scroll-to-top class="fixed bottom-6 end-6 z-50 transform translate-y-4 opacity-0 duration-200"><a href=#the-top class="pointer-events-auto flex h-12 w-12 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-neutral/50 text-xl text-neutral-700 hover:text-primary-600 dark:bg-neutral-800/50 dark:text-neutral dark:hover:text-primary-400" aria-label="Scroll to top" title="Scroll to top">↑</a></div></main><footer id=site-footer class="py-10 print:hidden"><nav class="flex flex-row pb-4 text-base font-medium text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400"><ul class="flex list-none flex-col sm:flex-row"><li class="flex mb-1 text-end sm:mb-0 sm:me-7 sm:last:me-0"><a class="decoration-primary-500 hover:underline hover:decoration-2 hover:underline-offset-2 flex items-center" href=/ title=laydbg>Home</a></li><li class="flex mb-1 text-end sm:mb-0 sm:me-7 sm:last:me-0"><a class="decoration-primary-500 hover:underline hover:decoration-2 hover:underline-offset-2 flex items-center" href=/about/ title="About me">About</a></li></ul></nav><div class="flex items-center justify-between"></div><script>mediumZoom(document.querySelectorAll("img:not(.nozoom)"),{margin:24,background:"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)",scrollOffset:0})</script></footer></div></body></html>