diff --git a/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthProxyMiddleware.php b/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthProxyMiddleware.php
index 846182b3..92748529 100644
--- a/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthProxyMiddleware.php
+++ b/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthProxyMiddleware.php
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ final class OAuthProxyMiddleware implements MiddlewareInterface
     private const CLIENT_SECRET_BASIC = 'client_secret_basic';
     private const CLIENT_SECRET_POST = 'client_secret_post';
 
-    private ?ClientInterface $httpClient;
-    private ?RequestFactoryInterface $requestFactory;
+    private ClientInterface $httpClient;
+    private RequestFactoryInterface $requestFactory;
     private ResponseFactoryInterface $responseFactory;
     private StreamFactoryInterface $streamFactory;
 
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ public function __construct(
         ?ResponseFactoryInterface $responseFactory = null,
         ?StreamFactoryInterface $streamFactory = null,
     ) {
-        $this->httpClient = $httpClient;
-        $this->requestFactory = $requestFactory;
+        $this->httpClient = $httpClient ?? Psr18ClientDiscovery::find();
+        $this->requestFactory = $requestFactory ?? Psr17FactoryDiscovery::findRequestFactory();
         $this->responseFactory = $responseFactory ?? Psr17FactoryDiscovery::findResponseFactory();
         $this->streamFactory = $streamFactory ?? Psr17FactoryDiscovery::findStreamFactory();
     }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ private function handleToken(ServerRequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
 
         $body = http_build_query($params);
 
-        $upstreamRequest = $this->getRequestFactory()
+        $upstreamRequest = $this->requestFactory
             ->createRequest('POST', $tokenEndpoint)
             ->withHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
             ->withBody($this->streamFactory->createStream($body));
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ private function handleToken(ServerRequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
         }
 
         try {
-            $upstreamResponse = $this->getHttpClient()->sendRequest($upstreamRequest);
+            $upstreamResponse = $this->httpClient->sendRequest($upstreamRequest);
             $responseBody = $upstreamResponse->getBody()->__toString();
 
             return $this->responseFactory
@@ -260,14 +260,4 @@ private function getTokenEndpointAuthMethods(): array
 
         return array_values(array_unique($normalized));
     }
-
-    private function getHttpClient(): ClientInterface
-    {
-        return $this->httpClient ??= Psr18ClientDiscovery::find();
-    }
-
-    private function getRequestFactory(): RequestFactoryInterface
-    {
-        return $this->requestFactory ??= Psr17FactoryDiscovery::findRequestFactory();
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthRequestMetaMiddleware.php b/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthRequestMetaMiddleware.php
index 9301352e..d1595a58 100644
--- a/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthRequestMetaMiddleware.php
+++ b/src/Server/Transport/Http/Middleware/OAuthRequestMetaMiddleware.php
@@ -28,9 +28,11 @@
  */
 final class OAuthRequestMetaMiddleware implements MiddlewareInterface
 {
-    public function __construct(
-        private ?StreamFactoryInterface $streamFactory = null,
-    ) {
+    private StreamFactoryInterface $streamFactory;
+
+    public function __construct(?StreamFactoryInterface $streamFactory = null)
+    {
+        $this->streamFactory = $streamFactory ?? Psr17FactoryDiscovery::findStreamFactory();
     }
 
     public function process(ServerRequestInterface $request, RequestHandlerInterface $handler): ResponseInterface
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ public function process(ServerRequestInterface $request, RequestHandlerInterface
             return $handler->handle($request);
         }
 
-        $request = $request->withBody($this->getStreamFactory()->createStream($updatedBody));
+        $request = $request->withBody($this->streamFactory->createStream($updatedBody));
 
         return $handler->handle($request);
     }
@@ -141,9 +143,4 @@ private function injectIntoMessage(array $message, array $oauthMeta): array
 
         return $message;
     }
-
-    private function getStreamFactory(): StreamFactoryInterface
-    {
-        return $this->streamFactory ??= Psr17FactoryDiscovery::findStreamFactory();
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Server/Transport/Http/MiddlewareRequestHandler.php b/src/Server/Transport/Http/MiddlewareRequestHandler.php
index 7d371626..32ad3725 100644
--- a/src/Server/Transport/Http/MiddlewareRequestHandler.php
+++ b/src/Server/Transport/Http/MiddlewareRequestHandler.php
@@ -24,24 +24,25 @@
  *
  * @internal
  */
-class MiddlewareRequestHandler implements RequestHandlerInterface
+final class MiddlewareRequestHandler implements RequestHandlerInterface
 {
+    private int $index = 0;
+
     /**
      * @param list<MiddlewareInterface> $middleware
      */
     public function __construct(
-        private array $middleware,
-        private \Closure $application,
+        private readonly array $middleware,
+        private readonly \Closure $application,
     ) {
     }
 
     public function handle(ServerRequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
     {
-        $middleware = array_shift($this->middleware);
-        if (null === $middleware) {
+        if (!isset($this->middleware[$this->index])) {
             return ($this->application)($request);
         }
 
-        return $middleware->process($request, $this);
+        return $this->middleware[$this->index++]->process($request, $this);
     }
 }