From 2058f817849309e3d3e4e46085f97d0f86d0e2c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 15:48:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 01/44] [mypyc] feat: new primitive for `int.to_bytes`

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c            | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py       | 21 ++++++++++++-
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test  | 11 +++++++
 mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test |  9 ++++++
 4 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index e2c302eea576..1df8d3ffef16 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -581,3 +581,54 @@ double CPyTagged_TrueDivide(CPyTagged x, CPyTagged y) {
     }
     return 1.0;
 }
+
+// int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
+PyObject *CPyInt_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
+    PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_StealAsObject(self);
+    if (!PyLong_Check(pyint)) {
+        Py_DECREF(pyint);
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "self must be int");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(byteorder)) {
+        Py_DECREF(pyint);
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "byteorder must be str");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    const char *order = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(byteorder);
+    if (!order) {
+        Py_DECREF(pyint);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyObject *result = PyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, order, signed_flag);
+    Py_DECREF(pyint);
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Helper for PyLong_ToBytes (Python 3.2+)
+PyObject *PyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
+    // This is a wrapper for PyLong_AsByteArray and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+    unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)PyMem_Malloc(length);
+    if (!bytes) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    int little_endian = 0;
+    if (strcmp(byteorder, "little") == 0) {
+        little_endian = 1;
+    } else if (strcmp(byteorder, "big") == 0) {
+        little_endian = 0;
+    } else {
+        PyMem_Free(bytes);
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    int res = PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
+    if (res < 0) {
+        PyMem_Free(bytes);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyObject *result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)bytes, length);
+    PyMem_Free(bytes);
+    return result;
+}
diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index d723c9b63a86..0ba1c595a215 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
     RType,
     bit_rprimitive,
     bool_rprimitive,
+    bytes_rprimitive,
     c_pyssize_t_rprimitive,
     float_rprimitive,
     int16_rprimitive,
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
     str_rprimitive,
     void_rtype,
 )
-from mypyc.primitives.registry import binary_op, custom_op, function_op, load_address_op, unary_op
+from mypyc.primitives.registry import binary_op, custom_op, function_op, load_address_op, method_op, unary_op
 
 # Constructors for builtins.int and native int types have the same behavior. In
 # interpreted mode, native int types are just aliases to 'int'.
@@ -305,3 +306,21 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
     c_function_name="PyLong_Check",
     error_kind=ERR_NEVER,
 )
+
+# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False)
+method_op(
+    name="to_bytes",
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
+    c_function_name="CPyInt_ToBytes",
+    error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
+)
+
+# int.bit_length()
+method_op(
+    name="bit_length",
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive],
+    return_type=int_rprimitive,
+    c_function_name="CPyInt_BitLength",
+    error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
+)
diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index bdf9127b722a..bad8826fee1b 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -210,3 +210,14 @@ L0:
     r0 = CPyTagged_Invert(n)
     x = r0
     return x
+
+[case testIntToBytes]
+def f(x: int) -> bytes:
+    return x.to_bytes(2, "big")
+[out]
+def f(x):
+    x :: int
+    r0 :: bytes
+L0:
+    r0 = int_to_bytes x, 2, 'big', 0
+    return r0
diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
index 1163c9d942f7..55289bde3835 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
@@ -572,3 +572,12 @@ class subc(int):
 [file userdefinedint.py]
 class int:
     pass
+
+[case testIntToBytes]
+def to_bytes(n: int, length: int, byteorder: str, signed: bool = False) -> bytes:
+    return n.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=signed)
+def test_to_bytes() -> None:
+    assert to_bytes(255, 2, "big") == b'\x00\xff'
+    assert to_bytes(255, 2, "little") == b'\xff\x00'
+    assert to_bytes(-1, 2, "big", True) == b'\xff\xff'
+    assert to_bytes(0, 1, "big") == b'\x00'

From f62bfd2efe6c777868dcd83aa70e0501ce4ce9ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 15:53:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/44] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index 0ba1c595a215..6294a13aa080 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -32,7 +32,14 @@
     str_rprimitive,
     void_rtype,
 )
-from mypyc.primitives.registry import binary_op, custom_op, function_op, load_address_op, method_op, unary_op
+from mypyc.primitives.registry import (
+    binary_op,
+    custom_op,
+    function_op,
+    load_address_op,
+    method_op,
+    unary_op,
+)
 
 # Constructors for builtins.int and native int types have the same behavior. In
 # interpreted mode, native int types are just aliases to 'int'.

From 813c5104958e6cb00a98b947893b08043f605fe2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 16:04:05 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 03/44] add headers

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h          | 1 +
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c      | 2 +-
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
index 1881aa97f308..cbe1c49a4627 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ CPyTagged CPyTagged_Remainder_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_BitwiseLongOp_(CPyTagged a, CPyTagged b, char op);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Rshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Lshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag)
 
 PyObject *CPyTagged_Str(CPyTagged n);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_FromFloat(double f);
diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 1df8d3ffef16..91cb7a709406 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ double CPyTagged_TrueDivide(CPyTagged x, CPyTagged y) {
 }
 
 // int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
-PyObject *CPyInt_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
     PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_StealAsObject(self);
     if (!PyLong_Check(pyint)) {
         Py_DECREF(pyint);
diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index 0ba1c595a215..9c817412af24 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
     name="to_bytes",
     arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
     return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
-    c_function_name="CPyInt_ToBytes",
+    c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
 )
 

From cb93329d9fead84aa64fea49c3782a7ecee9a0c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 21:40:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 04/44] cover all arg combos

---
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 15 ++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index 87e2c1e9eb61..52a7076984e1 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -314,20 +314,21 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
     error_kind=ERR_NEVER,
 )
 
-# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False)
+# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder)
 method_op(
     name="to_bytes",
-    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive],
+    extra_int_constants=[(0, bool_rprimitive)],
     return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
     c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
 )
 
-# int.bit_length()
+# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed)
 method_op(
-    name="bit_length",
-    arg_types=[int_rprimitive],
-    return_type=int_rprimitive,
-    c_function_name="CPyInt_BitLength",
+    name="to_bytes",
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
+    c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
 )

From 6ff1c9b78a1b68f4ef3c41a078a581443858f21b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 21:44:40 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/44] CPyLong_ToBytes header

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h     | 1 +
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
index cbe1c49a4627..426905acd34b 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ CPyTagged CPyTagged_BitwiseLongOp_(CPyTagged a, CPyTagged b, char op);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Rshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Lshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag)
+PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag)
 
 PyObject *CPyTagged_Str(CPyTagged n);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_FromFloat(double f);
diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 91cb7a709406..a492b0a345c7 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
 }
 
 // Helper for PyLong_ToBytes (Python 3.2+)
-PyObject *PyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
+PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
     // This is a wrapper for PyLong_AsByteArray and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
     unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)PyMem_Malloc(length);
     if (!bytes) {

From 166b6f47f7f4a681549132de12b1d49f02e93a7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 21:46:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/44] ;

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
index 426905acd34b..8494a69bf931 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ CPyTagged CPyTagged_Remainder_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_BitwiseLongOp_(CPyTagged a, CPyTagged b, char op);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Rshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Lshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
-PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag)
-PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag)
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag);
+PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag);
 
 PyObject *CPyTagged_Str(CPyTagged n);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_FromFloat(double f);

From be2d2deb88da8b279c1fae222834661663f6fe8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 21:58:58 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/44] fix name

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index a492b0a345c7..48d79de605e6 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -600,12 +600,12 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
         Py_DECREF(pyint);
         return NULL;
     }
-    PyObject *result = PyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, order, signed_flag);
+    PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, order, signed_flag);
     Py_DECREF(pyint);
     return result;
 }
 
-// Helper for PyLong_ToBytes (Python 3.2+)
+// Helper for CPyLong_ToBytes (Python 3.2+)
 PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
     // This is a wrapper for PyLong_AsByteArray and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
     unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)PyMem_Malloc(length);

From 9ff3a7c7c5833c24c73cd7a3383815e5abe780f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 22:00:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 08/44] fix _PyLong_AsByteArray compile err

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 48d79de605e6..a189ba7456fe 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -605,6 +605,12 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
     return result;
 }
 
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000
+    #define CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray PyLong_AsByteArray
+#else
+    #define CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray _PyLong_AsByteArray
+#endif
+
 // Helper for CPyLong_ToBytes (Python 3.2+)
 PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
     // This is a wrapper for PyLong_AsByteArray and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
@@ -623,7 +629,7 @@ PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder,
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");
         return NULL;
     }
-    int res = PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
+    int res = CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
     if (res < 0) {
         PyMem_Free(bytes);
         return NULL;

From 83996192ca9c4f1a90ee307301885d2ed00a1ade Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2025 23:54:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/44] Update ir.py

---
 mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
index 661ae50fd5f3..fd640080dcb4 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import _typeshed
 from typing import (
     TypeVar, Generic, List, Iterator, Iterable, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Any, Set,
-    overload, Mapping, Union, Callable, Sequence, FrozenSet, Protocol
+    overload, Mapping, Union, Callable, Sequence, FrozenSet, Protocol, Literal,
 )
 
 _T = TypeVar('_T')
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ def removeprefix(self, prefix: str, /) -> str: ...
     def removesuffix(self, suffix: str, /) -> str: ...
     def islower(self) -> bool: ...
     def count(self, substr: str, start: Optional[int] = None, end: Optional[int] = None) -> int: pass
+    def to_bytes(self, length: int, order: Literal["small", "big"], signed: bool = False) -> bytes: pass
 
 class float:
     def __init__(self, x: object) -> None: pass

From db7b483e3cf4f12ec8f5500a02b22ccff63fd28a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 04:00:09 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/44] define header

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index a189ba7456fe..213a0bc290a4 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -606,6 +606,16 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
 }
 
 #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000
+// If not declared, declare it ourselves
+#ifndef PyLong_AsByteArray
+PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyLong_AsByteArray(
+    PyLongObject* v,
+    unsigned char* bytes,
+    size_t n,
+    int little_endian,
+    int is_signed
+);
+#endif
     #define CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray PyLong_AsByteArray
 #else
     #define CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray _PyLong_AsByteArray

From a0c147bb968b40121ff2cef6c3c31af2e5bf2ccc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 04:16:07 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/44] fix ir

---
 mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
index fd640080dcb4..d3d63c056f81 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ def __lt__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __gt__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __le__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __ge__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
+    def to_bytes(self, length: int, order: Literal["small", "big"], signed: bool = False) -> bytes: pass
 
 class str:
     @overload
@@ -123,7 +124,6 @@ def removeprefix(self, prefix: str, /) -> str: ...
     def removesuffix(self, suffix: str, /) -> str: ...
     def islower(self) -> bool: ...
     def count(self, substr: str, start: Optional[int] = None, end: Optional[int] = None) -> int: pass
-    def to_bytes(self, length: int, order: Literal["small", "big"], signed: bool = False) -> bytes: pass
 
 class float:
     def __init__(self, x: object) -> None: pass

From 5bab2656e0ff00e624bc3be9463ffdfeb3d3f93b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 00:39:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/44] Update ir.py

---
 mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
index d3d63c056f81..cba8a4a0aa42 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import _typeshed
 from typing import (
     TypeVar, Generic, List, Iterator, Iterable, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Any, Set,
-    overload, Mapping, Union, Callable, Sequence, FrozenSet, Protocol, Literal,
+    overload, Mapping, Union, Callable, Sequence, FrozenSet, Protocol,
 )
 
 _T = TypeVar('_T')
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def __lt__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __gt__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __le__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __ge__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
-    def to_bytes(self, length: int, order: Literal["small", "big"], signed: bool = False) -> bytes: pass
+    def to_bytes(self, length: int, order: str, signed: bool = False) -> bytes: pass
 
 class str:
     @overload

From b346bbfee205286c1a9cb8177e2e10f7406cccf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 06:16:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 13/44] fix ir

---
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index bad8826fee1b..28e4e293e464 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -219,5 +219,5 @@ def f(x):
     x :: int
     r0 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = int_to_bytes x, 2, 'big', 0
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 4, 'big', 0)
     return r0

From 85652a2479c31d9ac44302433f9f71b58080854b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 06:17:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 14/44] fix ir

---
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index 28e4e293e464..93ab9b9b7e58 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -217,7 +217,9 @@ def f(x: int) -> bytes:
 [out]
 def f(x):
     x :: int
-    r0 :: bytes
+    r0 :: str
+    r1 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 4, 'big', 0)
+    r0 = 'big'
+    r1 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 4, r1, 0)
     return r0

From 8e9716529b34fbe8b3fc41b91fccd3c66e9eab99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 06:20:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 15/44] add ir test

---
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 14 ++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index 93ab9b9b7e58..6fce8979492a 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -214,6 +214,8 @@ L0:
 [case testIntToBytes]
 def f(x: int) -> bytes:
     return x.to_bytes(2, "big")
+def g(x: int) -> bytes:
+    return x.to_bytes(4, "little", True)
 [out]
 def f(x):
     x :: int
@@ -221,5 +223,13 @@ def f(x):
     r1 :: bytes
 L0:
     r0 = 'big'
-    r1 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 4, r1, 0)
-    return r0
+    r1 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 4, r0, 0)
+    return r1
+def g(x):
+    x :: int
+    r0 :: str
+    r1 :: bytes
+L0:
+    r0 = 'little'
+    r1 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 8, r0, 1)
+    return r1

From 3660a015818440b079752aab2578eefb3907fc93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 06:21:58 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 16/44] fix py 3.10

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 213a0bc290a4..06ec9c5f2d43 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
     return result;
 }
 
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000
 // If not declared, declare it ourselves
 #ifndef PyLong_AsByteArray
 PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyLong_AsByteArray(

From 6a8a83cacf9799aef791e4e731d851ebe63b57b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 06:25:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 17/44] use _PyLong_AsByteArray on all pythons

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 17 +----------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 06ec9c5f2d43..b27416732d49 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -605,21 +605,6 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
     return result;
 }
 
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000
-// If not declared, declare it ourselves
-#ifndef PyLong_AsByteArray
-PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyLong_AsByteArray(
-    PyLongObject* v,
-    unsigned char* bytes,
-    size_t n,
-    int little_endian,
-    int is_signed
-);
-#endif
-    #define CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray PyLong_AsByteArray
-#else
-    #define CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray _PyLong_AsByteArray
-#endif
 
 // Helper for CPyLong_ToBytes (Python 3.2+)
 PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
@@ -639,7 +624,7 @@ PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder,
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");
         return NULL;
     }
-    int res = CPy_PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
+    int res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
     if (res < 0) {
         PyMem_Free(bytes);
         return NULL;

From ec95008be3b02c3d42be6d60f6e818f7fbce99ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 06:37:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 18/44] fix: py3.13 and 3.14

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index b27416732d49..62f870a1024e 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -624,7 +624,11 @@ PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder,
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");
         return NULL;
     }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030D0000  // 3.13.0
+    int res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag, 1);
+#else
     int res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
+#endif
     if (res < 0) {
         PyMem_Free(bytes);
         return NULL;

From 95fa8b077bbd223027bb7c3ea7ab874b40001239 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2025 06:41:13 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 19/44] optimize if check

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 62f870a1024e..f6f670750117 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -614,11 +614,11 @@ PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder,
         PyErr_NoMemory();
         return NULL;
     }
-    int little_endian = 0;
-    if (strcmp(byteorder, "little") == 0) {
-        little_endian = 1;
-    } else if (strcmp(byteorder, "big") == 0) {
+    int little_endian;
+    if (strcmp(byteorder, "big") == 0) {
         little_endian = 0;
+    } else if (strcmp(byteorder, "little") == 0) {
+        little_endian = 1;
     } else {
         PyMem_Free(bytes);
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");

From 326484bc3edc06b034b41a33474d1f0a15f78853 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 09:46:33 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 20/44] Update CPy.h

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
index 4968b01f30d6..879cf128ba9f 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@ CPyTagged CPyTagged_BitwiseLongOp_(CPyTagged a, CPyTagged b, char op);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Rshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Lshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag);
-PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag);
 
 PyObject *CPyTagged_Str(CPyTagged n);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_FromFloat(double f);

From 245a122eb5d17557e5a5b4f96e29c99940120e38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 09:47:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 21/44] Update int_ops.c

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index f6f670750117..12a294d0d4f8 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -606,8 +606,7 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
 }
 
 
-// Helper for CPyLong_ToBytes (Python 3.2+)
-PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
+static PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
     // This is a wrapper for PyLong_AsByteArray and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
     unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)PyMem_Malloc(length);
     if (!bytes) {

From d2994e1d2c9f0c00b64627571b70434289d00180 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 13:43:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 22/44] Update int_ops.c

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 12a294d0d4f8..7bc23087064c 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -584,12 +584,7 @@ double CPyTagged_TrueDivide(CPyTagged x, CPyTagged y) {
 
 // int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
 PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
-    PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_StealAsObject(self);
-    if (!PyLong_Check(pyint)) {
-        Py_DECREF(pyint);
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "self must be int");
-        return NULL;
-    }
+    PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_AsObject(self);
     if (!PyUnicode_Check(byteorder)) {
         Py_DECREF(pyint);
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "byteorder must be str");

From 0715ca2e4c8ced7a6f148c277b24552fcb613dad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 13:45:24 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 23/44] test long

---
 mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
index 55289bde3835..1b1cf6430983 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
@@ -581,3 +581,5 @@ def test_to_bytes() -> None:
     assert to_bytes(255, 2, "little") == b'\xff\x00'
     assert to_bytes(-1, 2, "big", True) == b'\xff\xff'
     assert to_bytes(0, 1, "big") == b'\x00'
+    # test with a value that does not fit in 64 bits
+    assert to_bytes(10**30, 16, "big") == b'\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x9f,\x9c\xd0Ft\xed\xea@\x00\x00\x00'

From 7cce1e73d20bef33c53ece4bc7a825bc46769608 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 13:50:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 24/44] add overflow error tests

---
 mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
index 1b1cf6430983..cd4ed37cd0aa 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
@@ -574,6 +574,7 @@ class int:
     pass
 
 [case testIntToBytes]
+from testutil import assertRaises
 def to_bytes(n: int, length: int, byteorder: str, signed: bool = False) -> bytes:
     return n.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=signed)
 def test_to_bytes() -> None:
@@ -583,3 +584,12 @@ def test_to_bytes() -> None:
     assert to_bytes(0, 1, "big") == b'\x00'
     # test with a value that does not fit in 64 bits
     assert to_bytes(10**30, 16, "big") == b'\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x9f,\x9c\xd0Ft\xed\xea@\x00\x00\x00'
+    # unsigned, too large for 1 byte
+    with assertRaises(OverflowError):
+        to_bytes(256, 1, "big")
+    # signed, too small for 1 byte
+    with assertRaises(OverflowError):
+        to_bytes(-129, 1, "big", True)
+    # signed, too large for 1 byte
+    with assertRaises(OverflowError):
+        to_bytes(128, 1, "big", True)

From 0d7cb57365595cef3bc2c94730a1f3b3166d1eb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Sep 2025 17:47:46 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 25/44] fix: move helper func up in C file

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 52 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 7bc23087064c..e30de88a26a5 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -582,52 +582,48 @@ double CPyTagged_TrueDivide(CPyTagged x, CPyTagged y) {
     return 1.0;
 }
 
-// int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
-PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
-    PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_AsObject(self);
-    if (!PyUnicode_Check(byteorder)) {
-        Py_DECREF(pyint);
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "byteorder must be str");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    const char *order = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(byteorder);
-    if (!order) {
-        Py_DECREF(pyint);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, order, signed_flag);
-    Py_DECREF(pyint);
-    return result;
-}
-
-
 static PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
     // This is a wrapper for PyLong_AsByteArray and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
-    unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)PyMem_Malloc(length);
-    if (!bytes) {
-        PyErr_NoMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
     int little_endian;
     if (strcmp(byteorder, "big") == 0) {
         little_endian = 0;
     } else if (strcmp(byteorder, "little") == 0) {
         little_endian = 1;
     } else {
-        PyMem_Free(bytes);
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");
         return NULL;
     }
+    PyObject *result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, length);
+    if (!result) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
 #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030D0000  // 3.13.0
     int res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag, 1);
 #else
     int res = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v, bytes, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
 #endif
     if (res < 0) {
-        PyMem_Free(bytes);
+        Py_DECREF(result);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+// int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
+    PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_AsObject(self);
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(byteorder)) {
+        Py_DECREF(pyint);
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "byteorder must be str");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    const char *order = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(byteorder);
+    if (!order) {
+        Py_DECREF(pyint);
         return NULL;
     }
-    PyObject *result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)bytes, length);
-    PyMem_Free(bytes);
+    PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, order, signed_flag);
+    Py_DECREF(pyint);
     return result;
 }

From db09bc0c1ac9af983751e3a335d1d57aeb338a08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 12:51:55 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 26/44] Update ir.py

---
 mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
index 35b32f9af69f..c931f012cefe 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/fixtures/ir.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def __lt__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __gt__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __le__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
     def __ge__(self, n: int) -> bool: pass
-    def to_bytes(self, length: int, order: str, signed: bool = False) -> bytes: pass
+    def to_bytes(self, length: int, order: str, *, signed: bool = False) -> bytes: pass
 
 class str:
     @overload

From a7151dd1fdbe3338e3070d8bd8668ac67ffa095e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 13:03:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 27/44] Update irbuild-int.test

---
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index 6fce8979492a..f830392377a5 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ L0:
 def f(x: int) -> bytes:
     return x.to_bytes(2, "big")
 def g(x: int) -> bytes:
-    return x.to_bytes(4, "little", True)
+    return x.to_bytes(4, "little", signed=True)
 [out]
 def f(x):
     x :: int

From bdd320ec005aa163b48bc9bc83d497598f90bfc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 07:27:39 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 28/44] feat: specialize

---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h          |  2 ++
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c      | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 0880c62bc7a5..50e31db4a708 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -94,7 +94,12 @@
     isinstance_dict,
 )
 from mypyc.primitives.float_ops import isinstance_float
-from mypyc.primitives.int_ops import isinstance_int
+from mypyc.primitives.int_ops import (
+    isinstance_int,
+    int_to_big_endian_op,
+    int_to_bytes_op,
+    int_to_little_endian_op,
+)
 from mypyc.primitives.list_ops import isinstance_list, new_list_set_item_op
 from mypyc.primitives.misc_ops import isinstance_bool
 from mypyc.primitives.set_ops import isinstance_frozenset, isinstance_set
@@ -1000,3 +1005,24 @@ def translate_ord(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr) -> Value
     if isinstance(arg, (StrExpr, BytesExpr)) and len(arg.value) == 1:
         return Integer(ord(arg.value))
     return None
+
+@specialize_function("to_bytes", int_rprimitive)
+def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr) -> Value | None:
+    # int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
+    # args: [self, length, byteorder, (optional) signed]
+    if len(expr.args) < 3 or len(expr.args) > 4:
+        return None
+    self_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
+    length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[1])
+    byteorder_expr = expr.args[2]
+    signed_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[3]) if len(expr.args) == 4 else builder.false()
+    if isinstance(byteorder_expr, StrExpr):
+        if byteorder_expr.value == "little":
+            return builder.call_c(int_to_little_endian_op, [self_arg, length_arg, signed_arg], expr.line)
+        elif byteorder_expr.value == "big":
+            return builder.call_c(int_to_big_endian_op, [self_arg, length_arg, signed_arg], expr.line)
+    # Fallback to generic primitive op
+    byteorder_arg = builder.accept(byteorder_expr)
+    return builder.primitive_op(
+        int_to_bytes_op, [self_arg, length_arg, byteorder_arg, signed_arg], expr.line
+    )
diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
index 06e453407870..f1f3def3e874 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/CPy.h
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ CPyTagged CPyTagged_BitwiseLongOp_(CPyTagged a, CPyTagged b, char op);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Rshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_Lshift_(CPyTagged left, CPyTagged right);
 PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteorder, int signed_flag);
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBigEndianBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, int signed_flag);
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, int signed_flag);
 
 PyObject *CPyTagged_Str(CPyTagged n);
 CPyTagged CPyTagged_FromFloat(double f);
diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index e30de88a26a5..5ce8f34b24ac 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -582,17 +582,8 @@ double CPyTagged_TrueDivide(CPyTagged x, CPyTagged y) {
     return 1.0;
 }
 
-static PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, const char *byteorder, int signed_flag) {
+static PyObject *CPyLong_ToBytes(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t length, int little_endian, int signed_flag) {
     // This is a wrapper for PyLong_AsByteArray and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
-    int little_endian;
-    if (strcmp(byteorder, "big") == 0) {
-        little_endian = 0;
-    } else if (strcmp(byteorder, "little") == 0) {
-        little_endian = 1;
-    } else {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");
-        return NULL;
-    }
     PyObject *result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, length);
     if (!result) {
         return NULL;
@@ -623,7 +614,31 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
         Py_DECREF(pyint);
         return NULL;
     }
-    PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, order, signed_flag);
+    int little_endian;
+    if (strcmp(order, "big") == 0) {
+        little_endian = 0;
+    } else if (strcmp(order, "little") == 0) {
+        little_endian = 1;
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
+    Py_DECREF(pyint);
+    return result;
+
+// int.to_bytes(length, byteorder="little", signed=False)
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, int signed_flag) {
+    PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_AsObject(self);
+    PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, 1, signed_flag);
+    Py_DECREF(pyint);
+    return result;
+}
+
+// int.to_bytes(length, "big", signed=False)
+PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBigEndianBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, int signed_flag) {
+    PyObject *pyint = CPyTagged_AsObject(self);
+    PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, 0, signed_flag);
     Py_DECREF(pyint);
     return result;
 }
diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index 52a7076984e1..5d7dd8ecc602 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -324,11 +324,31 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
 )
 
-# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed)
-method_op(
+# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=...)
+int_to_bytes_op = method_op(
     name="to_bytes",
     arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
     return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
     c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
 )
+
+# specialized custom_op cases for int.to_bytes:
+
+# int.to_bytes(length, "big")
+# int.to_bytes(length, "big", signed=...)
+int_to_big_endian_op = custom_op(
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
+    c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBigEndianBytes",
+    error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
+)
+
+# int.to_bytes(length, "little")
+# int.to_bytes(length, "little", signed=...)
+int_to_little_endian_op = custom_op(
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
+    c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes",
+    error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
+)

From 4518aeaf02fc11f901bb27bd7afabc0d1b51d986 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 07:29:09 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 29/44] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 50e31db4a708..704ac9b35616 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@
 )
 from mypyc.primitives.float_ops import isinstance_float
 from mypyc.primitives.int_ops import (
-    isinstance_int,
     int_to_big_endian_op,
     int_to_bytes_op,
     int_to_little_endian_op,
+    isinstance_int,
 )
 from mypyc.primitives.list_ops import isinstance_list, new_list_set_item_op
 from mypyc.primitives.misc_ops import isinstance_bool
@@ -1006,6 +1006,7 @@ def translate_ord(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr) -> Value
         return Integer(ord(arg.value))
     return None
 
+
 @specialize_function("to_bytes", int_rprimitive)
 def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr) -> Value | None:
     # int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
@@ -1018,9 +1019,13 @@ def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr)
     signed_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[3]) if len(expr.args) == 4 else builder.false()
     if isinstance(byteorder_expr, StrExpr):
         if byteorder_expr.value == "little":
-            return builder.call_c(int_to_little_endian_op, [self_arg, length_arg, signed_arg], expr.line)
+            return builder.call_c(
+                int_to_little_endian_op, [self_arg, length_arg, signed_arg], expr.line
+            )
         elif byteorder_expr.value == "big":
-            return builder.call_c(int_to_big_endian_op, [self_arg, length_arg, signed_arg], expr.line)
+            return builder.call_c(
+                int_to_big_endian_op, [self_arg, length_arg, signed_arg], expr.line
+            )
     # Fallback to generic primitive op
     byteorder_arg = builder.accept(byteorder_expr)
     return builder.primitive_op(

From 97873da3fa1466f5efd719fc410ef69c6ef90a8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 07:34:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 30/44] missing }

---
 mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
index 5ce8f34b24ac..5abebb9d1048 100644
--- a/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
+++ b/mypyc/lib-rt/int_ops.c
@@ -626,6 +626,7 @@ PyObject *CPyTagged_ToBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, PyObject *byteord
     PyObject *result = CPyLong_ToBytes(pyint, length, little_endian, signed_flag);
     Py_DECREF(pyint);
     return result;
+}
 
 // int.to_bytes(length, byteorder="little", signed=False)
 PyObject *CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes(CPyTagged self, Py_ssize_t length, int signed_flag) {

From 26cd5c617996d5fdaa5ac2b287d39203bd578a56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 07:48:10 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 31/44] fix: specialize

---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py      |  2 +-
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py      | 12 +-----------
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 26 ++++++++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 704ac9b35616..b7f0b7124de2 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -1028,6 +1028,6 @@ def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr)
             )
     # Fallback to generic primitive op
     byteorder_arg = builder.accept(byteorder_expr)
-    return builder.primitive_op(
+    return builder.call_c(
         int_to_bytes_op, [self_arg, length_arg, byteorder_arg, signed_arg], expr.line
     )
diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index 5d7dd8ecc602..9edadf8335ca 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -314,19 +314,9 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
     error_kind=ERR_NEVER,
 )
 
-# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder)
-method_op(
-    name="to_bytes",
-    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive],
-    extra_int_constants=[(0, bool_rprimitive)],
-    return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
-    c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
-    error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
-)
 
 # int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=...)
-int_to_bytes_op = method_op(
-    name="to_bytes",
+int_to_bytes_op = custom_op(
     arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
     return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
     c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index f830392377a5..f04f9a9368d9 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -216,20 +216,26 @@ def f(x: int) -> bytes:
     return x.to_bytes(2, "big")
 def g(x: int) -> bytes:
     return x.to_bytes(4, "little", signed=True)
+def h(x: int, byteorder: str) -> bytes:
+    return x.to_bytes(8, byteorder)
+
 [out]
 def f(x):
     x :: int
-    r0 :: str
-    r1 :: bytes
+    r0 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = 'big'
-    r1 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 4, r0, 0)
-    return r1
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBigEndianBytes(x, 4, 0)
+    return r0
 def g(x):
     x :: int
-    r0 :: str
-    r1 :: bytes
+    r0 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = 'little'
-    r1 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 8, r0, 1)
-    return r1
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes(x, 8, 1)
+    return r0
+def h(x):
+    x :: int
+    byteorder :: str
+    r0 :: bytes
+L0:
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 8, byteorder, 0)
+    return r0

From 30c4a309f511d96c4984f0e1fa5b542ed0f6b4a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 07:49:37 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 32/44] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index 9edadf8335ca..a809c029a3b5 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
     custom_op,
     function_op,
     load_address_op,
-    method_op,
     unary_op,
 )
 

From 84acab31f86b35a83d20212207cf14151b86f04e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:07:40 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 33/44] fix

---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index b7f0b7124de2..3a3dc9e260eb 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
     is_int64_rprimitive,
     is_int_rprimitive,
     is_list_rprimitive,
+    is_str_rprimitive,
     is_uint8_rprimitive,
     list_rprimitive,
     set_rprimitive,
@@ -1011,12 +1012,18 @@ def translate_ord(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr) -> Value
 def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr) -> Value | None:
     # int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=False)
     # args: [self, length, byteorder, (optional) signed]
-    if len(expr.args) < 3 or len(expr.args) > 4:
+    if len(expr.args) == 2:
+        signed_arg = builder.false()
+    elif len(expr.args) == 3:
+        signed_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[2])
+    else:
+        return None
+    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
         return None
-    self_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
-    length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[1])
-    byteorder_expr = expr.args[2]
-    signed_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[3]) if len(expr.args) == 4 else builder.false()
+    
+    self_arg = builder.accept(callee.expr)
+    length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
+    byteorder_expr = expr.args[1]
     if isinstance(byteorder_expr, StrExpr):
         if byteorder_expr.value == "little":
             return builder.call_c(

From b5a6c061b65121e0d7bf0166a382cffda8502625 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:09:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 34/44] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 6 ++++--
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 8 +-------
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 3a3dc9e260eb..a307dcacd977 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -1018,9 +1018,11 @@ def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr)
         signed_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[2])
     else:
         return None
-    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
+    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(
+        builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)
+    ):
         return None
-    
+
     self_arg = builder.accept(callee.expr)
     length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
     byteorder_expr = expr.args[1]
diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index a809c029a3b5..cba204b3520c 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -32,13 +32,7 @@
     str_rprimitive,
     void_rtype,
 )
-from mypyc.primitives.registry import (
-    binary_op,
-    custom_op,
-    function_op,
-    load_address_op,
-    unary_op,
-)
+from mypyc.primitives.registry import binary_op, custom_op, function_op, load_address_op, unary_op
 
 # Constructors for builtins.int and native int types have the same behavior. In
 # interpreted mode, native int types are just aliases to 'int'.

From ef5b1d785bc55de7217dfe39bab3961a5b8ae405 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:15:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 35/44] fix

---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 3a3dc9e260eb..5c99c10d4f9b 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -1018,12 +1018,11 @@ def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr)
         signed_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[2])
     else:
         return None
-    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
-        return None
-    
     self_arg = builder.accept(callee.expr)
     length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
     byteorder_expr = expr.args[1]
+    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
+        return None
     if isinstance(byteorder_expr, StrExpr):
         if byteorder_expr.value == "little":
             return builder.call_c(

From 9b69d58c571c20e019021eef3b9042a18f3178bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:18:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 36/44] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 5c99c10d4f9b..abcc0cff9008 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -1021,7 +1021,9 @@ def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr)
     self_arg = builder.accept(callee.expr)
     length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
     byteorder_expr = expr.args[1]
-    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
+    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(
+        builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)
+    ):
         return None
     if isinstance(byteorder_expr, StrExpr):
         if byteorder_expr.value == "little":

From 6a5de072011cea3579a2cb079e3c25dee4419434 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:19:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 37/44] fix

---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 5c99c10d4f9b..5a781ae35f80 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -1018,10 +1018,12 @@ def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr)
         signed_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[2])
     else:
         return None
+    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr):
+        return None
     self_arg = builder.accept(callee.expr)
     length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
     byteorder_expr = expr.args[1]
-    if not isinstance(callee, MemberExpr) or not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
+    if not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
         return None
     if isinstance(byteorder_expr, StrExpr):
         if byteorder_expr.value == "little":

From f5f9d308f7520eb27a6b26ffeed4dfef6df0a8a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <bobthebuidlerdefi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:21:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 38/44] fix

---
 mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
index 5a781ae35f80..8ffda86d1b30 100644
--- a/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
+++ b/mypyc/irbuild/specialize.py
@@ -1023,7 +1023,11 @@ def specialize_int_to_bytes(builder: IRBuilder, expr: CallExpr, callee: RefExpr)
     self_arg = builder.accept(callee.expr)
     length_arg = builder.accept(expr.args[0])
     byteorder_expr = expr.args[1]
-    if not is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr)):
+    if not (
+        is_int_rprimitive(builder.node_type(length_arg))
+        and is_str_rprimitive(builder.node_type(byteorder_expr))
+        and is_bool_rprimitive(builder.node_type(signed_arg))
+    ):
         return None
     if isinstance(byteorder_expr, StrExpr):
         if byteorder_expr.value == "little":

From 9a27e5dd1dad48a0702b1a0bb1badd32368b650e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 05:11:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 39/44] Update irbuild-int.test

---
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index f04f9a9368d9..9555588abf27 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -237,5 +237,5 @@ def h(x):
     byteorder :: str
     r0 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 8, byteorder, 0)
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 16, byteorder, 0)
     return r0

From 6c82357dcc33e617d86317ba8829fdf3f15b0cbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 05:13:35 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 40/44] Update run-integers.test

---
 mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
index cd4ed37cd0aa..576ae38d54eb 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/run-integers.test
@@ -578,12 +578,12 @@ from testutil import assertRaises
 def to_bytes(n: int, length: int, byteorder: str, signed: bool = False) -> bytes:
     return n.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=signed)
 def test_to_bytes() -> None:
-    assert to_bytes(255, 2, "big") == b'\x00\xff'
-    assert to_bytes(255, 2, "little") == b'\xff\x00'
-    assert to_bytes(-1, 2, "big", True) == b'\xff\xff'
-    assert to_bytes(0, 1, "big") == b'\x00'
+    assert to_bytes(255, 2, "big") == b'\x00\xff', to_bytes(255, 2, "big")
+    assert to_bytes(255, 2, "little") == b'\xff\x00', to_bytes(255, 2, "little")
+    assert to_bytes(-1, 2, "big", True) == b'\xff\xff', to_bytes(-1, 2, "big", True)
+    assert to_bytes(0, 1, "big") == b'\x00', to_bytes(0, 1, "big")
     # test with a value that does not fit in 64 bits
-    assert to_bytes(10**30, 16, "big") == b'\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x9f,\x9c\xd0Ft\xed\xea@\x00\x00\x00'
+    assert to_bytes(10**30, 16, "big") == b'\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x9f,\x9c\xd0Ft\xed\xea@\x00\x00\x00', to_bytes(10**30, 16, "big")
     # unsigned, too large for 1 byte
     with assertRaises(OverflowError):
         to_bytes(256, 1, "big")

From c4d967385b77490add7aeafd0b635a1103732869 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 05:14:02 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 41/44] Update irbuild-int.test

---
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index 9555588abf27..72d0d2a591aa 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ def g(x):
 L0:
     r0 = CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes(x, 8, 1)
     return r0
-def h(x):
+def h(x, byteorder):
     x :: int
     byteorder :: str
     r0 :: bytes

From 3ad1e504ae7bc07bbdff6f7144dd6218a8728ffa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 05:24:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 42/44] maybe fix

---
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index cba204b3520c..d296ff2b2595 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
 
 # int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=...)
 int_to_bytes_op = custom_op(
-    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, c_pyssize_t_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
     return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
     c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
 # int.to_bytes(length, "big")
 # int.to_bytes(length, "big", signed=...)
 int_to_big_endian_op = custom_op(
-    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, c_pyssize_t_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
     return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
     c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBigEndianBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
 # int.to_bytes(length, "little")
 # int.to_bytes(length, "little", signed=...)
 int_to_little_endian_op = custom_op(
-    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, int_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, c_pyssize_t_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
     return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
     c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,

From 77535d34cff4b906789f9d6c6e2d12fc2a53f196 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 05:25:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 43/44] Update int_ops.py

---
 mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py | 19 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
index d296ff2b2595..2af53075d3a6 100644
--- a/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
+++ b/mypyc/primitives/int_ops.py
@@ -307,16 +307,7 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
     error_kind=ERR_NEVER,
 )
 
-
-# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=...)
-int_to_bytes_op = custom_op(
-    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, c_pyssize_t_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
-    return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
-    c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
-    error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
-)
-
-# specialized custom_op cases for int.to_bytes:
+# specialized custom_op cases for int.to_bytes
 
 # int.to_bytes(length, "big")
 # int.to_bytes(length, "big", signed=...)
@@ -335,3 +326,11 @@ def int_unary_op(name: str, c_function_name: str) -> PrimitiveDescription:
     c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes",
     error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
 )
+
+# int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, signed=...)
+int_to_bytes_op = custom_op(
+    arg_types=[int_rprimitive, c_pyssize_t_rprimitive, str_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive],
+    return_type=bytes_rprimitive,
+    c_function_name="CPyTagged_ToBytes",
+    error_kind=ERR_MAGIC,
+)

From d291fb1f450ddf9a0218a42a54efe42f0ed85bba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: BobTheBuidler <70677534+BobTheBuidler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 05:36:29 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 44/44] Update irbuild-int.test

---
 mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
index 72d0d2a591aa..82d6d85907c6 100644
--- a/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
+++ b/mypyc/test-data/irbuild-int.test
@@ -224,18 +224,18 @@ def f(x):
     x :: int
     r0 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBigEndianBytes(x, 4, 0)
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBigEndianBytes(x, 2, 0)
     return r0
 def g(x):
     x :: int
     r0 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes(x, 8, 1)
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToLittleEndianBytes(x, 4, 1)
     return r0
 def h(x, byteorder):
     x :: int
     byteorder :: str
     r0 :: bytes
 L0:
-    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 16, byteorder, 0)
+    r0 = CPyTagged_ToBytes(x, 8, byteorder, 0)
     return r0