Flash Attention Buffer Compute Shader for Vulkan Backend Delegate

Summary: Built flash attention compute shader for Vulkan backend delegate. The current implementation only supports buffer storage and is not fully optimized, but is functional. This shader should speed up the SDPA process in the attention block of transformer inferencing as the previous implementation used many i/o operations. The implementation includes proper multi-query attention support for models like LLaMA, uses tiled block processing to reduce memory usage, and replaces multiple separate operations (matmul, softmax, masking) with a single efficient compute shader.

Differential Revision: D78586517

Author: leafs1

backends/vulkan/runtime/graph/ops/glsl/flash_attention.glsl

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+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ */
+
+#version 450 core
+#extension GL_EXT_debug_printf : enable
+
+#define PRECISION ${PRECISION}
+#define T ${buffer_scalar_type(DTYPE)}
+${define_required_extensions(DTYPE)}
+
+layout(std430) buffer;
+
+#include "indexing_utils.h"
+
+// Flash Attention inputs: Query, Key, Value tensors
+${layout_declare_tensor(B, "rw", "t_O", DTYPE, "buffer")}
+${layout_declare_tensor(B, "r", "t_Q", DTYPE, "buffer")}
+${layout_declare_tensor(B, "r", "t_K", DTYPE, "buffer")}
+${layout_declare_tensor(B, "r", "t_V", DTYPE, "buffer")}
+${layout_declare_tensor(B, "rw", "t_l", "float", "buffer")}
+${layout_declare_tensor(B, "rw", "t_m", "float", "buffer")}
+
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "ivec4", "Q_sizes")}  // [B, H, N, D]
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "ivec4", "K_sizes")}
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "ivec4", "V_sizes")}
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "ivec4", "O_sizes")}
+
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "ivec3", "l_sizes")}  // [B, H, N]
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "ivec3", "m_sizes")}  // [B, H, N]
+
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "float", "scale")}
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "int", "block_size_r")} // Br (num rows in Q block)
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "int", "block_size_c")} // Bc (num cols in K/V block)
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "int", "input_pos")}    // Starting position for causal masking
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "int", "num_heads")}    // Number of query heads
+${layout_declare_ubo(B, "int", "num_kv_heads")} // Number of key/value heads
+layout(local_size_x_id = 0, local_size_y_id = 1, local_size_z_id = 2) in;
+
+// Maximum block sizes to prevent array overflow
+#define MAX_BR 64
+#define MAX_BC 128
+
+void main() {
+    // Each thread processes one row block
+    const int thread_id = int(gl_GlobalInvocationID.x);
+
+    // Tensor dimensions: Q_sizes = [D, H, N, B] from graph.sizes_ubo()
+    // The UBO layout is different from the PyTorch tensor layout
+    const int head_dim = Q_sizes.x;     // D (head dim)
+    const int num_heads = Q_sizes.y;    // H (num heads)
+    const int seq_len = Q_sizes.z;      // N (sequence length)
+    const int batch_size = Q_sizes.w;   // B (batch)
+
+    // Block sizes
+    const int Br = block_size_r;
+    const int Bc = block_size_c;
+
+    const int Tr = (seq_len + Br - 1) / Br;  // Number of row blocks
+    const int total_row_blocks = batch_size * num_heads * Tr;
+
+    if (thread_id >= total_row_blocks) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Decode thread_id to (batch, head, row_block)
+    const int batch = thread_id / (num_heads * Tr);
+    const int remaining = thread_id % (num_heads * Tr);
+    const int head = remaining / Tr;
+    const int row_block = remaining % Tr;
+
+    // Calculate row range for this block
+    const int row_start = row_block * Br;
+    const int row_end = min(row_start + Br, seq_len);
+    const int actual_Br = row_end - row_start;
+
+    // Base indices for this batch
+    const int q_base = batch * (seq_len * num_heads * head_dim);
+    const int k_base = batch * (seq_len * num_heads * head_dim);
+    const int v_base = batch * (seq_len * num_heads * head_dim);
+    const int o_base = batch * (seq_len * num_heads * head_dim);
+    const int lm_base = batch * (seq_len * num_heads);
+
+    // STEP 2: Initialize O = 0, l = 0, m = -inf for this row block
+    for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+        const int seq_pos = row_start + r;
+        const int lm_idx = lm_base + head * seq_len + seq_pos;
+
+        t_l[lm_idx] = 0.0;
+        t_m[lm_idx] = -1.0 / 0.0; // -infinity
+
+        for (int dim = 0; dim < head_dim; dim++) {
+            const int o_idx = o_base + seq_pos * (num_heads * head_dim) + head * head_dim + dim;
+            t_O[o_idx] = T(0.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // STEP 5: Outer loop over column blocks (For K, V tensors)
+    const int Tc = (seq_len + Bc - 1) / Bc;  // Number of column blocks
+    for (int j = 0; j < Tc; j++) {
+        const int col_start = j * Bc;
+        const int col_end = min(col_start + Bc, seq_len);
+        const int actual_Bc = col_end - col_start;
+
+        // STEP 6-8 done implicitly below
+
+        // Load current statistics for all rows in this block
+        float m_i[MAX_BR];
+        float l_i[MAX_BR];
+        for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+            const int seq_pos = row_start + r;
+            const int lm_idx = lm_base + head * seq_len + seq_pos;
+            m_i[r] = t_m[lm_idx];
+            l_i[r] = t_l[lm_idx];
+        }
+
+        // STEP 9: Compute Sij = Qi * Kj^T
+        T S_block[MAX_BR][MAX_BC]; // Use MAX_BR and MAX_BC constants
+        float m_tilde_ij[MAX_BR];   // Row maxes (float to match l/m)
+        float l_tilde_ij[MAX_BR];   // Row sums (float to match l/m)
+
+        // Initialize row statistics
+        for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+            m_tilde_ij[r] = -1.0 / 0.0; // -infinity
+            l_tilde_ij[r] = 0.0;
+        }
+
+        // Compute attention scores Sij = Qi @ Kj^T
+        for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+            const int global_row = row_start + r;
+            for (int c = 0; c < actual_Bc; c++) {
+                const int global_col = col_start + c;
+
+                // For multi-query attention: map query head to KV head
+                const int kv_head = (head * num_kv_heads) / num_heads;
+
+                // Dot product: Q[seq_pos, :] · K[col_pos, :]
+                T score = T(0.0);
+                for (int dim = 0; dim < head_dim; dim++) {
+                    const int q_idx = q_base + global_row * (num_heads * head_dim) + head * head_dim + dim;
+                    const int k_idx = k_base + global_col * (num_kv_heads * head_dim) + kv_head * head_dim + dim;
+                    score += t_Q[q_idx] * t_K[k_idx];
+                }
+                score *= scale;
+
+                // Apply causal masking: mask if global_col > global_row + input_pos
+                if (global_col > global_row + input_pos) {
+                    score = T(-1.0 / 0.0); // Set to negative infinity
+                }
+
+                S_block[r][c] = score;
+
+                // Track row maximum (after masking)
+                m_tilde_ij[r] = max(m_tilde_ij[r], float(score));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // STEP 10: Compute P'ij = exp(Sij − m'ij) and l'ij = rowsum(P'ij)
+        for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+            // Handle the case where all scores are -inf (fully masked row)
+            if (isinf(m_tilde_ij[r]) && m_tilde_ij[r] < 0.0) {
+                // All scores are -inf, so all probabilities are 0
+                for (int c = 0; c < actual_Bc; c++) {
+                    S_block[r][c] = T(0.0);
+                }
+                l_tilde_ij[r] = 0.0;
+            } else {
+                // Normal case: compute softmax
+                for (int c = 0; c < actual_Bc; c++) {
+                    S_block[r][c] = exp(S_block[r][c] - T(m_tilde_ij[r]));
+                    l_tilde_ij[r] += float(S_block[r][c]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // STEP 11: Softmax update
+        float m_new_i[MAX_BR];
+        float l_new_i[MAX_BR];
+        for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+            m_new_i[r] = max(m_i[r], m_tilde_ij[r]);
+
+            l_new_i[r] = exp(m_i[r] - m_new_i[r]) * l_i[r] + exp(m_tilde_ij[r] - m_new_i[r]) * l_tilde_ij[r];
+        }
+
+        // STEP 12: Update Oi
+        for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+            const int global_row = row_start + r;
+            float alpha = exp(m_i[r] - m_new_i[r]);
+            float beta = exp(m_tilde_ij[r] - m_new_i[r]);
+
+            // For multi-query attention: map query head to KV head
+            const int kv_head = (head * num_kv_heads) / num_heads;
+
+            for (int dim = 0; dim < head_dim; dim++) {
+                const int o_idx = o_base + global_row * (num_heads * head_dim) + head * head_dim + dim;
+
+                // Compute P'ij @ Vj for this dimension
+                T pv_sum = T(0.0);
+                for (int c = 0; c < actual_Bc; c++) {
+                    const int global_col = col_start + c;
+                    const int v_idx = v_base + global_col * (num_kv_heads * head_dim) + kv_head * head_dim + dim;
+                    pv_sum += S_block[r][c] * t_V[v_idx];
+                }
+
+                // Check for division by zero before updating output
+                if (l_new_i[r] <= 0.0) {
+                    t_O[o_idx] = T(0.0); // Set to zero to avoid NaN
+                } else {
+                    // Oi = (alpha * l_i * Oi + beta * P'ij @ Vj) / l_new_i
+                    t_O[o_idx] = (T(alpha) * T(l_i[r]) * t_O[o_idx] + T(beta) * pv_sum) / T(l_new_i[r]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // STEP 13: Update li, mi
+        for (int r = 0; r < actual_Br; r++) {
+            const int seq_pos = row_start + r;
+            const int lm_idx = lm_base + head * seq_len + seq_pos;
+            t_l[lm_idx] = l_new_i[r];
+            t_m[lm_idx] = m_new_i[r];
+        }
+    }
+}

backends/vulkan/runtime/graph/ops/glsl/flash_attention.yaml

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+flash_attention:
+  parameter_names_with_default_values:
+    DTYPE: float
+    STORAGE: buffer
+  generate_variant_forall:
+    DTYPE:
+      - VALUE: float
+  shader_variants:
+    - NAME: flash_attention_buffer
+      STORAGE: buffer