[FR] Update Go to 1.23

[qushot]

Detailed Feature Information

Which builder is relevant to this request?
Go

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
Currently a project that uses Go 1.23 cannot be deployed because Cloud Build doesn't support Go 1.23

Describe the solution you'd like
Go 1.23 cloud build images

[qushot]

I created this pull request, but no reviewers with write access.
#1029

[nathanperkins]

Filed #1067 requesting these images to be formally deprecated if they're not maintained.