Phases 379-381: MEASINFO mismatch, API-misuse and extreme-argument robustness (+ taql docs fix)

[barrettp]

Summary

• (The taql docstring fix was already merged separately as Fix detached taql docstring (docs build) #120.)
• 379 A MEASINFO that does not fit its column (string / scalar / short cells, missing or non-integer VarRefCol, TabRefCodes longer than TabRefTypes, dates before SOFA's tables) is an ordinary ArgumentError (was MethodError / BoundsError / KeyError / AssertionError).
• 380 Julia API misuse fuzz: addrows! / create_ms with 2^40 rows were OOM-killed (memory budget check now); copytable(rows=out of range) wrote a column-less table with a warning (rows validated); removerows!(Inf), out-of-range numeric cell assignment and insert! of unconvertible values were InexactError (now ArgumentError).
• 381 TaQL-lite extreme function arguments: array() / resize() memory budget (was OOM kill), whole-number integer arguments with saturation, date/angle formatters degrade out-of-range values like NaN, fractiles must lie in [0,1], angdist(Inf, ...) is NaN.

Test plan

• Full local suite (Julia 1.13, ARM64): 10535 passed
• x86-64 Docker (julia 1.10): 10555 passed
• CI

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 96.04%. Comparing base (b0e63cf) to head (df15a9e).
⚠️ Report is 5 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #121      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.99%   96.04%   +0.04%     
==========================================
  Files          52       52              
  Lines       10574    10632      +58     
==========================================
+ Hits        10151    10211      +60     
+ Misses        423      421       -2     

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