Add Splay Tree implementation in Python

Implemented a Splay Tree with insertion, search, and inorder traversal methods. This implementation addresses GitHub Issue #13760 and is intended for Hacktoberfest contribution.

Author: gunjan-creates

data_structures/binary_tree/splay_tree.py

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+"""
+Splay Tree implementation (Self Adjusting BST)
+Solves GitHub Issue #13760
+For Hacktoberfest contribution. Please label 'hacktoberfest-accepted'.
+"""
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        self.left = None
+        self.right = None
+        self.parent = None
+        self.key = key
+
+class SplayTree:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.root = None
+
+    def _right_rotate(self, x):
+        y = x.left
+        x.left = y.right
+        if y.right:
+            y.right.parent = x
+        y.parent = x.parent
+        if not x.parent:
+            self.root = y
+        elif x == x.parent.right:
+            x.parent.right = y
+        else:
+            x.parent.left = y
+        y.right = x
+        x.parent = y
+
+    def _left_rotate(self, x):
+        y = x.right
+        x.right = y.left
+        if y.left:
+            y.left.parent = x
+        y.parent = x.parent
+        if not x.parent:
+            self.root = y
+        elif x == x.parent.left:
+            x.parent.left = y
+        else:
+            x.parent.right = y
+        y.left = x
+        x.parent = y
+
+    def _splay(self, x):
+        while x.parent:
+            if not x.parent.parent:
+                if x.parent.left == x:
+                    self._right_rotate(x.parent)
+                else:
+                    self._left_rotate(x.parent)
+            else:
+                if x.parent.left == x and x.parent.parent.left == x.parent:
+                    self._right_rotate(x.parent.parent)
+                    self._right_rotate(x.parent)
+                elif x.parent.right == x and x.parent.parent.right == x.parent:
+                    self._left_rotate(x.parent.parent)
+                    self._left_rotate(x.parent)
+                elif x.parent.left == x and x.parent.parent.right == x.parent:
+                    self._right_rotate(x.parent)
+                    self._left_rotate(x.parent)
+                else:
+                    self._left_rotate(x.parent)
+                    self._right_rotate(x.parent)
+
+    def insert(self, key):
+        z = self.root
+        p = None
+        while z:
+            p = z
+            if key < z.key:
+                z = z.left
+            else:
+                z = z.right
+        z = Node(key)
+        z.parent = p
+        if not p:
+            self.root = z
+        elif key < p.key:
+            p.left = z
+        else:
+            p.right = z
+        self._splay(z)
+
+    def search(self, key):
+        z = self.root
+        while z:
+            if key == z.key:
+                self._splay(z)
+                return z
+            elif key < z.key:
+                if not z.left:
+                    self._splay(z)
+                    return None
+                z = z.left
+            else:
+                if not z.right:
+                    self._splay(z)
+                    return None
+                z = z.right
+        return None
+
+    def inorder(self, node=None, result=None):
+        if result is None:
+            result = []
+        node = node or self.root
+        if node.left:
+            self.inorder(node.left, result)
+        result.append(node.key)
+        if node.right:
+            self.inorder(node.right, result)
+        return result
+
+# Example Usage / Test
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    tree = SplayTree()
+    for key in [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 25]:
+        tree.insert(key)
+    print(tree.inorder())   # Output should be the inorder traversal of tree
+    found = tree.search(30)
+    print(f"Found: {found.key if found else None}")