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1 | 1 |
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2 | 2 |
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| 3 | +| | symbol | | charge | mass number | mass ($\mathrm{u}$) | |
| 4 | +| ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------ | ----------- | ------------------- | |
| 5 | +| **alpha particles** | $\alpha$, $\ce{\alpha^{2+}}$ | $\ce{He^{2+}}$, $^{4}_{2}\ce{He^{2+}}$ | $2+$ | 4 | $\approx 4.0015$ | |
| 6 | +| **beta particle** <br> | $\ce{\beta}$, $\ce{^{0}_{-1}\beta}$, | $\ce{^0_{-1}e}$ | $1-$ | 0 | $1\,m_\mathrm{e}$ | |
| 7 | +| **positron** (or **antielectron**) | $\ce{\beta^+}$, $\ce{^{0}_{+1}\beta}$ | $\ce{e^+}$, $\ce{^0_{+1}e}$ | $1+$ | 0 | $1\,m_\mathrm{e}$ | |
| 8 | +| gamma | $\gamma$ | $\ce{^0_{0}\gamma}$ | $0$ | 0 | 0 | |
| 9 | + |
3 | 10 | - **radioactivity** |
4 | 11 | - **radioactive decay** (or **nuclear decay**, or **radioactivity**) (דעיכה רדיואקטיבית) |
5 | 12 |
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| 13 | + |
6 | 14 | - **nuclear reaction** |
7 | 15 | - radioactive |
8 | 16 | - **radiation** |
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25 | 33 | - **ionizing radiation** and **non-ionizing radiation** |
26 | 34 | - radioisotope |
27 | 35 |
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28 | | - |
29 | | - |
30 | | -| | symbol | | charge | mass number | mass ($\mathrm{u}$) | |
31 | | -| ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------ | ----------- | ------------------- | |
32 | | -| **alpha particles** | $\alpha$, $\ce{\alpha^{2+}}$ | $\ce{He^{2+}}$, $^{4}_{2}\ce{He^{2+}}$ | $2+$ | 4 | $\approx 4.0015$ | |
33 | | -| **beta particle** <br> | $\ce{\beta}$, $\ce{^{0}_{-1}\beta}$, | $\ce{^0_{-1}e}$ | $1-$ | 0 | $1\,m_\mathrm{e}$ | |
34 | | -| **positron** (or **antielectron**) | $\ce{\beta^+}$, $\ce{^{0}_{+1}\beta}$ | $\ce{e^+}$, $\ce{^0_{+1}e}$ | $1+$ | 0 | $1\,m_\mathrm{e}$ | |
35 | | -| gamma | $\gamma$ | $\ce{^0_{0}\gamma}$ | $0$ | 0 | 0 | |
36 | | - |
37 | | - |
38 | | - |
39 | | - |
40 | | - |
41 | 36 | - **nuclear binding energy** (אנרגיית הקשר הגרעינית) |
42 | 37 | - **half-life** ($t_{1/2}$), where: |
43 | 38 | - $N(t)=N_0 e^{-\lambda t}$ is an exponential decay function, where $\lambda$ is the decay constant. It gives the amount remaining after time $t$. |
44 | 39 | - $t_{1/2}=\frac{\ln(2)}{\lambda}$ is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value. |
45 | 40 | - $N(n t_{1/2})=N_0 (1/2)^n$ is the amount after $n$ half-lives. |
46 | 41 | - $\frac{1}{2}$ is the **decay factor** per half-life. |
47 | | - |
| 42 | +- $\displaystyle\frac{dN}{dt} = -\lambda N$ |
48 | 43 |
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49 | 44 | - **nuclear power** (אנרגיה גרעינית) |
50 | 45 | - **nuclear fission** (ביקוע גרעיני) |
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