[C++] Basic data retrieval implementation

[alinaliBQ]

Describe the enhancement requested

Implement SQLFetch & SQLGetData, SQLMoreResults, SQLNumResultCols, SQLRowCount

Parent issue: #30622

Component(s)

FlightRPC, C++

[alinaliBQ]

Please note that this issue will have several PRs. Since the change is quite big we are breaking it down to smaller PRs for readability.

[alinaliBQ]

All PRs for this issue:

#48034

#48035

#48036

#48037