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01-introduction.Rmd

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@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Nowadays such lack of geographic data is hard to imagine.
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Every smartphone has a global positioning (GPS) receiver and a multitude of sensors on devices ranging from satellites and semi-autonomous vehicles to citizen scientists incessantly measure every part of the world.
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The rate of data produced is overwhelming.
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An autonomous vehicle, for example, can generate 100 GB of data per day [@theeconomist_autonomous_2016].
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Remote sensing data from satellites has become too large to analyze the corresponding data with a single computer, leading to initiatives such as [OpenEO](http://r-spatial.org/2016/11/29/openeo.html).
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Remote sensing data from satellites has become too large to analyze the corresponding data with a single computer, leading to initiatives such as [OpenEO](http://r-spatial.org/2016/11/29/openeo.html).
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This 'geodata revolution' drives demand for high performance computer hardware and efficient, scalable software to handle and extract signal from the noise, to understand and perhaps change the world.
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Spatial databases enable storage and generation of manageable subsets from the vast geographic data stores, making interfaces for gaining knowledge from them vital tools for the future.

02-spatial-data.Rmd

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This chapter will provide brief explanations of the fundamental geographic data models: vector and raster.
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We will introduce the theory behind each data model and the disciplines in which they predominate, before demonstrating their implementation in R.
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<!-- Vector and raster models are vital to geospatial analysis [@longley_geographic_2015]. -->
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The *vector data model* represents the world using points, lines and polygons.
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These have discrete, well-defined borders, meaning that vector datasets usually have a high level of precision (but not necessarily accuracy as we will see in Section \@ref(units)).
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The *raster data model* divides the surface up into cells of constant size.
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Raster datasets are the basis of background images used in web-mapping and have been a vital source of geographic data since the origins of aerial photography and satellite-based remote sensing devices.
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Rasters aggregate spatially specific features to a given resolution, meaning that they are consistent over space and scalable (many worldwide raster datasets are available).
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<!-- The downside of this is that small features can be blurred or lost. (commented - too specific) -->
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<!-- todo: add figure(s) showing raster data and blurring? -->
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Which to use?
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The answer likely depends on your domain of application:

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