Blockchain

2008

• shared ledger (decentralised)
  • originally for Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System ✅ Explained
• immutable (tampering hard/expensive/visible)
• like singly linked list
  • pointer/ref to next node crypto hash of prev block

• Blockchain and the General Data Protection Regulation
• Alternative Uses for Blockchain - Computerphile

L1: 2009 BTC, 2015 ETH, 2017 Cardano, 2017 BNB, 2019 Cosmos (ATOM), 2020 SOL, 2020 PolkaDOT, 2020 AVAX

L2: 2020 Polygon (MATIC), 2021 Arbitrum, 2021 StarkNet, 2021 Optimism, 2023 zkSync, 2023 Base

Bridges: 2020 Avalanche Bridge, 2020 Binance Bridge, 2020 (Wormhole) Portal Bridge, 2021 Celer cBridge, 2021 Synapse Protocol, 2021 Allbridge, 2021 Optimism Gateway, 2022 Axelar, 2022 Stargate Finance, 2022 Arbitrum Bridge, 2022 Hop Protocol, 2022 Polygon Bridge, 2023 Chainlink CCIP, 2023 Jumper.Exchange, 2023 zkBridge, 2024 Across Protocol, 2024 LayerZero (Stargate), 2024 deBridge, 2025 Hyperbridge

CEXs: 2011 Kraken, 2012 Coinbase, 2016 Crypto.com, 2017 Binance

DEXs: 2018 Uniswap, 2019 1inch, 2020 Curve Finance, 2020 dYdX, 2020 PancakeWwap, 2021 Raydium (SOL)

Wallets: 2015 Exodus, 2016 MetaMask, 2017 Trust Wallet, 2017 Coinbase Wallet, 2018 WalletConnect, 2019 ZenGo, 2019 Rainbow, 2019 Phantom (SOL), 2022 Backpack, 2024 Kraken wallet

Wallets (cold/hw): 2014 Trezor Model One, 2014 Ledger Nano, 2018 Tangem Wallet, 2018 SafePal

NFTs: 2017dec OpenSea

e.g. 1 ETH to SOL

• portalbridge.com[wConnect], connect MM/Phantom, approve
• ETH smart[wCore] contract: lock 1 ETH, emit event, publishMessage
• [wGuardians] 13/19 verify/sign hash -> VAA
• SOL smart[wCore] contract: VAA relayed, verifyAndExecute, mint wETH

e.g. 1 PROJECT to USDC

• mayan.finance[wConnect], connect MM/Phantom, approve
• ETH smart[wCore] contract: [wNTT] burn 1 PROJECT + emit event + publishMessage, [wSettlement] validate/lock/emit intent + publishMessage
• [wGuardians] 13/19 verify/sign hash -> 2x VAA
• Solver: watch intents (wSettlement events), [wQueries] verify state, fulfil intent, wait reimbursement
• SOL smart[wCore] contract: VAA's relayed, [wMessaging] verify sigs, [wNTT] mint to solver, [Settlement] verify fulfilment, [CCTP] native USDC