beacon_chain.rs

use crate::attestation_verification::{
    batch_verify_aggregated_attestations, batch_verify_unaggregated_attestations,
    Error as AttestationError, VerifiedAggregatedAttestation, VerifiedAttestation,
    VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation,
};
use crate::attester_cache::{AttesterCache, AttesterCacheKey};
use crate::beacon_block_streamer::{BeaconBlockStreamer, CheckCaches};
use crate::beacon_proposer_cache::compute_proposer_duties_from_head;
use crate::beacon_proposer_cache::BeaconProposerCache;
use crate::blob_verification::{GossipBlobError, GossipVerifiedBlob};
use crate::block_times_cache::BlockTimesCache;
use crate::block_verification::POS_PANDA_BANNER;
use crate::block_verification::{
    check_block_is_finalized_checkpoint_or_descendant, check_block_relevancy,
    signature_verify_chain_segment, verify_header_signature, BlockError, ExecutionPendingBlock,
    GossipVerifiedBlock, IntoExecutionPendingBlock,
};
use crate::block_verification_types::{
    AsBlock, AvailableExecutedBlock, BlockImportData, ExecutedBlock, RpcBlock,
};
pub use crate::canonical_head::CanonicalHead;
use crate::chain_config::ChainConfig;
use crate::data_availability_checker::{
    Availability, AvailabilityCheckError, AvailableBlock, AvailableBlockData,
    DataAvailabilityChecker, DataColumnReconstructionResult,
};
use crate::data_column_verification::{GossipDataColumnError, GossipVerifiedDataColumn};
use crate::early_attester_cache::EarlyAttesterCache;
use crate::errors::{BeaconChainError as Error, BlockProductionError};
use crate::events::ServerSentEventHandler;
use crate::execution_payload::{get_execution_payload, NotifyExecutionLayer, PreparePayloadHandle};
use crate::fetch_blobs::EngineGetBlobsOutput;
use crate::fork_choice_signal::{ForkChoiceSignalRx, ForkChoiceSignalTx, ForkChoiceWaitResult};
use crate::graffiti_calculator::GraffitiCalculator;
use crate::kzg_utils::reconstruct_blobs;
use crate::light_client_finality_update_verification::{
    Error as LightClientFinalityUpdateError, VerifiedLightClientFinalityUpdate,
};
use crate::light_client_optimistic_update_verification::{
    Error as LightClientOptimisticUpdateError, VerifiedLightClientOptimisticUpdate,
};
use crate::light_client_server_cache::LightClientServerCache;
use crate::migrate::{BackgroundMigrator, ManualFinalizationNotification};
use crate::naive_aggregation_pool::{
    AggregatedAttestationMap, Error as NaiveAggregationError, NaiveAggregationPool,
    SyncContributionAggregateMap,
};
use crate::observed_aggregates::{
    Error as AttestationObservationError, ObservedAggregateAttestations, ObservedSyncContributions,
};
use crate::observed_attesters::{
    ObservedAggregators, ObservedAttesters, ObservedSyncAggregators, ObservedSyncContributors,
};
use crate::observed_block_producers::ObservedBlockProducers;
use crate::observed_data_sidecars::ObservedDataSidecars;
use crate::observed_operations::{ObservationOutcome, ObservedOperations};
use crate::observed_slashable::ObservedSlashable;
use crate::persisted_beacon_chain::PersistedBeaconChain;
use crate::persisted_custody::persist_custody_context;
use crate::persisted_fork_choice::PersistedForkChoice;
use crate::pre_finalization_cache::PreFinalizationBlockCache;
use crate::shuffling_cache::{BlockShufflingIds, ShufflingCache};
use crate::sync_committee_verification::{
    Error as SyncCommitteeError, VerifiedSyncCommitteeMessage, VerifiedSyncContribution,
};
use crate::validator_custody::CustodyContextSsz;
use crate::validator_monitor::{
    get_slot_delay_ms, timestamp_now, ValidatorMonitor,
    HISTORIC_EPOCHS as VALIDATOR_MONITOR_HISTORIC_EPOCHS,
};
use crate::validator_pubkey_cache::ValidatorPubkeyCache;
use crate::{
    kzg_utils, metrics, AvailabilityPendingExecutedBlock, BeaconChainError, BeaconForkChoiceStore,
    BeaconSnapshot, CachedHead,
};
use eth2::types::{
    EventKind, SseBlobSidecar, SseBlock, SseDataColumnSidecar, SseExtendedPayloadAttributes,
};
use execution_layer::{
    BlockProposalContents, BlockProposalContentsType, BuilderParams, ChainHealth, ExecutionLayer,
    FailedCondition, PayloadAttributes, PayloadStatus,
};
use fork_choice::{
    AttestationFromBlock, ExecutionStatus, ForkChoice, ForkchoiceUpdateParameters,
    InvalidationOperation, PayloadVerificationStatus, ResetPayloadStatuses,
};
use futures::channel::mpsc::Sender;
use itertools::process_results;
use itertools::Itertools;
use kzg::Kzg;
use logging::crit;
use operation_pool::{
    CompactAttestationRef, OperationPool, PersistedOperationPool, ReceivedPreCapella,
};
use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
use proto_array::{DoNotReOrg, ProposerHeadError};
use rand::RngCore;
use safe_arith::SafeArith;
use slasher::Slasher;
use slot_clock::SlotClock;
use ssz::Encode;
use state_processing::{
    common::get_attesting_indices_from_state,
    epoch_cache::initialize_epoch_cache,
    per_block_processing,
    per_block_processing::{
        errors::AttestationValidationError, get_expected_withdrawals,
        verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion, VerifySignatures,
    },
    per_slot_processing,
    state_advance::{complete_state_advance, partial_state_advance},
    BlockSignatureStrategy, ConsensusContext, SigVerifiedOp, VerifyBlockRoot, VerifyOperation,
};
use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::time::Duration;
use store::iter::{BlockRootsIterator, ParentRootBlockIterator, StateRootsIterator};
use store::{
    BlobSidecarListFromRoot, DatabaseBlock, Error as DBError, HotColdDB, HotStateSummary,
    KeyValueStoreOp, StoreItem, StoreOp,
};
use task_executor::{ShutdownReason, TaskExecutor};
use tokio_stream::Stream;
use tracing::{debug, error, info, trace, warn};
use tree_hash::TreeHash;
use types::blob_sidecar::FixedBlobSidecarList;
use types::data_column_sidecar::ColumnIndex;
use types::payload::BlockProductionVersion;
use types::*;

pub type ForkChoiceError = fork_choice::Error<crate::ForkChoiceStoreError>;

/// Alias to appease clippy.
type HashBlockTuple<E> = (Hash256, RpcBlock<E>);

// These keys are all zero because they get stored in different columns, see `DBColumn` type.
pub const BEACON_CHAIN_DB_KEY: Hash256 = Hash256::ZERO;
pub const OP_POOL_DB_KEY: Hash256 = Hash256::ZERO;
pub const FORK_CHOICE_DB_KEY: Hash256 = Hash256::ZERO;

/// Defines how old a block can be before it's no longer a candidate for the early attester cache.
const EARLY_ATTESTER_CACHE_HISTORIC_SLOTS: u64 = 4;

/// If the head is more than `MAX_PER_SLOT_FORK_CHOICE_DISTANCE` slots behind the wall-clock slot, DO NOT
/// run the per-slot tasks (primarily fork choice).
///
/// This prevents unnecessary work during sync.
///
/// The value is set to 256 since this would be just over one slot (12.8s) when syncing at
/// 20 slots/second. Having a single fork-choice run interrupt syncing would have very little
/// impact whilst having 8 epochs without a block is a comfortable grace period.
const MAX_PER_SLOT_FORK_CHOICE_DISTANCE: u64 = 256;

/// Reported to the user when the justified block has an invalid execution payload.
pub const INVALID_JUSTIFIED_PAYLOAD_SHUTDOWN_REASON: &str =
    "Justified block has an invalid execution payload.";

pub const INVALID_FINALIZED_MERGE_TRANSITION_BLOCK_SHUTDOWN_REASON: &str =
    "Finalized merge transition block is invalid.";

/// Defines the behaviour when a block/block-root for a skipped slot is requested.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum WhenSlotSkipped {
    /// If the slot is a skip slot, return `None`.
    ///
    /// This is how the HTTP API behaves.
    None,
    /// If the slot is a skip slot, return the previous non-skipped block.
    ///
    /// This is generally how the specification behaves.
    Prev,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum AvailabilityProcessingStatus {
    MissingComponents(Slot, Hash256),
    Imported(Hash256),
}

impl TryInto<SignedBeaconBlockHash> for AvailabilityProcessingStatus {
    type Error = ();

    fn try_into(self) -> Result<SignedBeaconBlockHash, Self::Error> {
        match self {
            AvailabilityProcessingStatus::Imported(hash) => Ok(hash.into()),
            _ => Err(()),
        }
    }
}

impl TryInto<Hash256> for AvailabilityProcessingStatus {
    type Error = ();

    fn try_into(self) -> Result<Hash256, Self::Error> {
        match self {
            AvailabilityProcessingStatus::Imported(hash) => Ok(hash),
            _ => Err(()),
        }
    }
}

/// The result of a chain segment processing.
pub enum ChainSegmentResult {
    /// Processing this chain segment finished successfully.
    Successful {
        imported_blocks: Vec<(Hash256, Slot)>,
    },
    /// There was an error processing this chain segment. Before the error, some blocks could
    /// have been imported.
    Failed {
        imported_blocks: Vec<(Hash256, Slot)>,
        error: BlockError,
    },
}

/// Configure the signature verification of produced blocks.
pub enum ProduceBlockVerification {
    VerifyRandao,
    NoVerification,
}

/// Payload attributes for which the `beacon_chain` crate is responsible.
pub struct PrePayloadAttributes {
    pub proposer_index: u64,
    pub prev_randao: Hash256,
    /// The block number of the block being built upon (same block as fcU `headBlockHash`).
    ///
    /// The parent block number is not part of the payload attributes sent to the EL, but *is*
    /// sent to builders via SSE.
    pub parent_block_number: u64,
    /// The block root of the block being built upon (same block as fcU `headBlockHash`).
    pub parent_beacon_block_root: Hash256,
}

/// Information about a state/block at a specific slot.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct FinalizationAndCanonicity {
    /// True if the slot of the state or block is finalized.
    ///
    /// This alone DOES NOT imply that the state/block is finalized, use `self.is_finalized()`.
    pub slot_is_finalized: bool,
    /// True if the state or block is canonical at its slot.
    pub canonical: bool,
}

/// Define whether a forkchoiceUpdate needs to be checked for an override (`Yes`) or has already
/// been checked (`AlreadyApplied`). It is safe to specify `Yes` even if re-orgs are disabled.
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum OverrideForkchoiceUpdate {
    #[default]
    Yes,
    AlreadyApplied,
}

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum AttestationProcessingOutcome {
    Processed,
    EmptyAggregationBitfield,
    UnknownHeadBlock {
        beacon_block_root: Hash256,
    },
    /// The attestation is attesting to a state that is later than itself. (Viz., attesting to the
    /// future).
    AttestsToFutureBlock {
        block: Slot,
        attestation: Slot,
    },
    /// The slot is finalized, no need to import.
    FinalizedSlot {
        attestation: Slot,
        finalized: Slot,
    },
    FutureEpoch {
        attestation_epoch: Epoch,
        current_epoch: Epoch,
    },
    PastEpoch {
        attestation_epoch: Epoch,
        current_epoch: Epoch,
    },
    BadTargetEpoch,
    UnknownTargetRoot(Hash256),
    InvalidSignature,
    NoCommitteeForSlotAndIndex {
        slot: Slot,
        index: CommitteeIndex,
    },
    Invalid(AttestationValidationError),
}

/// Defines how a `BeaconState` should be "skipped" through skip-slots.
pub enum StateSkipConfig {
    /// Calculate the state root during each skip slot, producing a fully-valid `BeaconState`.
    WithStateRoots,
    /// Don't calculate the state root at each slot, instead just use the zero hash. This is orders
    /// of magnitude faster, however it produces a partially invalid state.
    ///
    /// This state is useful for operations that don't use the state roots; e.g., for calculating
    /// the shuffling.
    WithoutStateRoots,
}

pub trait BeaconChainTypes: Send + Sync + 'static {
    type HotStore: store::ItemStore<Self::EthSpec>;
    type ColdStore: store::ItemStore<Self::EthSpec>;
    type SlotClock: slot_clock::SlotClock;
    type EthSpec: types::EthSpec;
}

struct PartialBeaconBlock<E: EthSpec> {
    state: BeaconState<E>,
    slot: Slot,
    proposer_index: u64,
    parent_root: Hash256,
    randao_reveal: Signature,
    eth1_data: Eth1Data,
    graffiti: Graffiti,
    proposer_slashings: Vec<ProposerSlashing>,
    attester_slashings: Vec<AttesterSlashing<E>>,
    attestations: Vec<Attestation<E>>,
    deposits: Vec<Deposit>,
    voluntary_exits: Vec<SignedVoluntaryExit>,
    sync_aggregate: Option<SyncAggregate<E>>,
    prepare_payload_handle: Option<PreparePayloadHandle<E>>,
    bls_to_execution_changes: Vec<SignedBlsToExecutionChange>,
}

pub enum BlockProcessStatus<E: EthSpec> {
    /// Block is not in any pre-import cache. Block may be in the data-base or in the fork-choice.
    Unknown,
    /// Block is currently processing but not yet validated.
    NotValidated(Arc<SignedBeaconBlock<E>>),
    /// Block is fully valid, but not yet imported. It's cached in the da_checker while awaiting
    /// missing block components.
    ExecutionValidated(Arc<SignedBeaconBlock<E>>),
}

pub struct BeaconChainMetrics {
    pub reqresp_pre_import_cache_len: usize,
}

pub type LightClientProducerEvent<T> = (Hash256, Slot, SyncAggregate<T>);

pub type BeaconForkChoice<T> = ForkChoice<
    BeaconForkChoiceStore<
        <T as BeaconChainTypes>::EthSpec,
        <T as BeaconChainTypes>::HotStore,
        <T as BeaconChainTypes>::ColdStore,
    >,
    <T as BeaconChainTypes>::EthSpec,
>;

pub type BeaconStore<T> = Arc<
    HotColdDB<
        <T as BeaconChainTypes>::EthSpec,
        <T as BeaconChainTypes>::HotStore,
        <T as BeaconChainTypes>::ColdStore,
    >,
>;

/// Cache gossip verified blocks to serve over ReqResp before they are imported
type ReqRespPreImportCache<E> = HashMap<Hash256, Arc<SignedBeaconBlock<E>>>;

/// Represents the "Beacon Chain" component of Ethereum 2.0. Allows import of blocks and block
/// operations and chooses a canonical head.
pub struct BeaconChain<T: BeaconChainTypes> {
    pub spec: Arc<ChainSpec>,
    /// Configuration for `BeaconChain` runtime behaviour.
    pub config: ChainConfig,
    /// Persistent storage for blocks, states, etc. Typically an on-disk store, such as LevelDB.
    pub store: BeaconStore<T>,
    /// Used for spawning async and blocking tasks.
    pub task_executor: TaskExecutor,
    /// Database migrator for running background maintenance on the store.
    pub store_migrator: BackgroundMigrator<T::EthSpec, T::HotStore, T::ColdStore>,
    /// Reports the current slot, typically based upon the system clock.
    pub slot_clock: T::SlotClock,
    /// Stores all operations (e.g., `Attestation`, `Deposit`, etc) that are candidates for
    /// inclusion in a block.
    pub op_pool: OperationPool<T::EthSpec>,
    /// A pool of attestations dedicated to the "naive aggregation strategy" defined in the eth2
    /// specs.
    ///
    /// This pool accepts `Attestation` objects that only have one aggregation bit set and provides
    /// a method to get an aggregated `Attestation` for some `AttestationData`.
    pub naive_aggregation_pool: RwLock<NaiveAggregationPool<AggregatedAttestationMap<T::EthSpec>>>,
    /// A pool of `SyncCommitteeContribution` dedicated to the "naive aggregation strategy" defined in the eth2
    /// specs.
    ///
    /// This pool accepts `SyncCommitteeContribution` objects that only have one aggregation bit set and provides
    /// a method to get an aggregated `SyncCommitteeContribution` for some `SyncCommitteeContributionData`.
    pub naive_sync_aggregation_pool:
        RwLock<NaiveAggregationPool<SyncContributionAggregateMap<T::EthSpec>>>,
    /// Contains a store of attestations which have been observed by the beacon chain.
    pub(crate) observed_attestations: RwLock<ObservedAggregateAttestations<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Contains a store of sync contributions which have been observed by the beacon chain.
    pub(crate) observed_sync_contributions: RwLock<ObservedSyncContributions<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators have been seen to publish gossip attestations in
    /// recent epochs.
    pub observed_gossip_attesters: RwLock<ObservedAttesters<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators have been seen to have attestations included in
    /// blocks in recent epochs.
    pub observed_block_attesters: RwLock<ObservedAttesters<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators have been seen sending sync messages in recent epochs.
    pub(crate) observed_sync_contributors: RwLock<ObservedSyncContributors<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators have been seen to create `SignedAggregateAndProofs`
    /// in recent epochs.
    pub observed_aggregators: RwLock<ObservedAggregators<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators have been seen to create `SignedContributionAndProofs`
    /// in recent epochs.
    pub(crate) observed_sync_aggregators: RwLock<ObservedSyncAggregators<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators have proposed blocks for each slot.
    pub observed_block_producers: RwLock<ObservedBlockProducers<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of blob sidecars seen over the gossip network.
    pub observed_blob_sidecars: RwLock<ObservedDataSidecars<BlobSidecar<T::EthSpec>>>,
    /// Maintains a record of column sidecars seen over the gossip network.
    pub observed_column_sidecars: RwLock<ObservedDataSidecars<DataColumnSidecar<T::EthSpec>>>,
    /// Maintains a record of slashable message seen over the gossip network or RPC.
    pub observed_slashable: RwLock<ObservedSlashable<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators have submitted voluntary exits.
    pub observed_voluntary_exits: Mutex<ObservedOperations<SignedVoluntaryExit, T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators we've seen proposer slashings for.
    pub observed_proposer_slashings: Mutex<ObservedOperations<ProposerSlashing, T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators we've seen attester slashings for.
    pub observed_attester_slashings:
        Mutex<ObservedOperations<AttesterSlashing<T::EthSpec>, T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Maintains a record of which validators we've seen BLS to execution changes for.
    pub observed_bls_to_execution_changes:
        Mutex<ObservedOperations<SignedBlsToExecutionChange, T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Interfaces with the execution client.
    pub execution_layer: Option<ExecutionLayer<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Storage for execution payload proofs used in stateless validation.
    pub execution_payload_proof_store:
        Arc<crate::execution_proof_store::ExecutionPayloadProofStore>,
    /// Stores information about the canonical head and finalized/justified checkpoints of the
    /// chain. Also contains the fork choice struct, for computing the canonical head.
    pub canonical_head: CanonicalHead<T>,
    /// The root of the genesis block.
    pub genesis_block_root: Hash256,
    /// The root of the genesis state.
    pub genesis_state_root: Hash256,
    /// The root of the list of genesis validators, used during syncing.
    pub genesis_validators_root: Hash256,
    /// Transmitter used to indicate that slot-start fork choice has completed running.
    pub fork_choice_signal_tx: Option<ForkChoiceSignalTx>,
    /// Receiver used by block production to wait on slot-start fork choice.
    pub fork_choice_signal_rx: Option<ForkChoiceSignalRx>,
    /// The genesis time of this `BeaconChain` (seconds since UNIX epoch).
    pub genesis_time: u64,
    /// A handler for events generated by the beacon chain. This is only initialized when the
    /// HTTP server is enabled.
    pub event_handler: Option<ServerSentEventHandler<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// Caches the attester shuffling for a given epoch and shuffling key root.
    pub shuffling_cache: RwLock<ShufflingCache>,
    /// Caches the beacon block proposer shuffling for a given epoch and shuffling key root.
    pub beacon_proposer_cache: Arc<Mutex<BeaconProposerCache>>,
    /// Caches a map of `validator_index -> validator_pubkey`.
    pub(crate) validator_pubkey_cache: RwLock<ValidatorPubkeyCache<T>>,
    /// A cache used when producing attestations.
    pub(crate) attester_cache: Arc<AttesterCache>,
    /// A cache used when producing attestations whilst the head block is still being imported.
    pub early_attester_cache: EarlyAttesterCache<T::EthSpec>,
    /// Cache gossip verified blocks to serve over ReqResp before they are imported
    pub reqresp_pre_import_cache: Arc<RwLock<ReqRespPreImportCache<T::EthSpec>>>,
    /// A cache used to keep track of various block timings.
    pub block_times_cache: Arc<RwLock<BlockTimesCache>>,
    /// A cache used to track pre-finalization block roots for quick rejection.
    pub pre_finalization_block_cache: PreFinalizationBlockCache,
    /// A cache used to produce light_client server messages
    pub light_client_server_cache: LightClientServerCache<T>,
    /// Sender to signal the light_client server to produce new updates
    pub light_client_server_tx: Option<Sender<LightClientProducerEvent<T::EthSpec>>>,
    /// Sender given to tasks, so that if they encounter a state in which execution cannot
    /// continue they can request that everything shuts down.
    pub shutdown_sender: Sender<ShutdownReason>,
    /// Arbitrary bytes included in the blocks.
    pub(crate) graffiti_calculator: GraffitiCalculator<T>,
    /// Optional slasher.
    pub slasher: Option<Arc<Slasher<T::EthSpec>>>,
    /// Provides monitoring of a set of explicitly defined validators.
    pub validator_monitor: RwLock<ValidatorMonitor<T::EthSpec>>,
    /// The slot at which blocks are downloaded back to.
    pub genesis_backfill_slot: Slot,
    /// Provides a KZG verification and temporary storage for blocks and blobs as
    /// they are collected and combined.
    pub data_availability_checker: Arc<DataAvailabilityChecker<T>>,
    /// The KZG trusted setup used by this chain.
    pub kzg: Arc<Kzg>,
    /// RNG instance used by the chain. Currently used for shuffling column sidecars in block publishing.
    pub rng: Arc<Mutex<Box<dyn RngCore + Send>>>,
}

pub enum BeaconBlockResponseWrapper<E: EthSpec> {
    Full(BeaconBlockResponse<E, FullPayload<E>>),
    Blinded(BeaconBlockResponse<E, BlindedPayload<E>>),
}

impl<E: EthSpec> BeaconBlockResponseWrapper<E> {
    pub fn fork_name(&self, spec: &ChainSpec) -> Result<ForkName, InconsistentFork> {
        Ok(match self {
            BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Full(resp) => resp.block.to_ref().fork_name(spec)?,
            BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Blinded(resp) => resp.block.to_ref().fork_name(spec)?,
        })
    }

    pub fn execution_payload_value(&self) -> Uint256 {
        match self {
            BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Full(resp) => resp.execution_payload_value,
            BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Blinded(resp) => resp.execution_payload_value,
        }
    }

    pub fn consensus_block_value_gwei(&self) -> u64 {
        match self {
            BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Full(resp) => resp.consensus_block_value,
            BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Blinded(resp) => resp.consensus_block_value,
        }
    }

    pub fn consensus_block_value_wei(&self) -> Uint256 {
        Uint256::from(self.consensus_block_value_gwei()) * Uint256::from(1_000_000_000)
    }

    pub fn is_blinded(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Blinded(_))
    }
}

/// The components produced when the local beacon node creates a new block to extend the chain
pub struct BeaconBlockResponse<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> {
    /// The newly produced beacon block
    pub block: BeaconBlock<E, Payload>,
    /// The post-state after applying the new block
    pub state: BeaconState<E>,
    /// The Blobs / Proofs associated with the new block
    pub blob_items: Option<(KzgProofs<E>, BlobsList<E>)>,
    /// The execution layer reward for the block
    pub execution_payload_value: Uint256,
    /// The consensus layer reward to the proposer
    pub consensus_block_value: u64,
}

impl FinalizationAndCanonicity {
    pub fn is_finalized(self) -> bool {
        self.slot_is_finalized && self.canonical
    }
}

impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
    /// Checks if a block is finalized.
    /// The finalization check is done with the block slot. The block root is used to verify that
    /// the finalized slot is in the canonical chain.
    pub fn is_finalized_block(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
        block_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        let finalized_slot = self
            .canonical_head
            .cached_head()
            .finalized_checkpoint()
            .epoch
            .start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        let is_canonical = self
            .block_root_at_slot(block_slot, WhenSlotSkipped::None)?
            .is_some_and(|canonical_root| block_root == &canonical_root);
        Ok(block_slot <= finalized_slot && is_canonical)
    }

    /// Checks if a state is finalized.
    /// The finalization check is done with the slot. The state root is used to verify that
    /// the finalized state is in the canonical chain.
    pub fn is_finalized_state(
        &self,
        state_root: &Hash256,
        state_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        self.state_finalization_and_canonicity(state_root, state_slot)
            .map(FinalizationAndCanonicity::is_finalized)
    }

    /// Fetch the finalization and canonicity status of the state with `state_root`.
    pub fn state_finalization_and_canonicity(
        &self,
        state_root: &Hash256,
        state_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<FinalizationAndCanonicity, Error> {
        let finalized_slot = self
            .canonical_head
            .cached_head()
            .finalized_checkpoint()
            .epoch
            .start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        let slot_is_finalized = state_slot <= finalized_slot;
        let canonical = self
            .state_root_at_slot(state_slot)?
            .is_some_and(|canonical_root| state_root == &canonical_root);
        Ok(FinalizationAndCanonicity {
            slot_is_finalized,
            canonical,
        })
    }

    /// Return a database operation for writing the `PersistedBeaconChain` to disk.
    ///
    /// These days the `PersistedBeaconChain` is only used to store the genesis block root, so it
    /// should only ever be written once at startup. It used to be written more frequently, but
    /// this is no longer necessary.
    pub fn persist_head_in_batch_standalone(genesis_block_root: Hash256) -> KeyValueStoreOp {
        PersistedBeaconChain { genesis_block_root }.as_kv_store_op(BEACON_CHAIN_DB_KEY)
    }

    /// Load fork choice from disk, returning `None` if it isn't found.
    pub fn load_fork_choice(
        store: BeaconStore<T>,
        reset_payload_statuses: ResetPayloadStatuses,
        spec: &ChainSpec,
    ) -> Result<Option<BeaconForkChoice<T>>, Error> {
        let Some(persisted_fork_choice) =
            store.get_item::<PersistedForkChoice>(&FORK_CHOICE_DB_KEY)?
        else {
            return Ok(None);
        };

        let fc_store =
            BeaconForkChoiceStore::from_persisted(persisted_fork_choice.fork_choice_store, store)?;

        Ok(Some(ForkChoice::from_persisted(
            persisted_fork_choice.fork_choice,
            reset_payload_statuses,
            fc_store,
            spec,
        )?))
    }

    /// Persists `self.op_pool` to disk.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// This operation is typically slow and causes a lot of allocations. It should be used
    /// sparingly.
    pub fn persist_op_pool(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::PERSIST_OP_POOL);

        self.store.put_item(
            &OP_POOL_DB_KEY,
            &PersistedOperationPool::from_operation_pool(&self.op_pool),
        )?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Persists the custody information to disk.
    pub fn persist_custody_context(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        if !self.spec.is_peer_das_scheduled() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let custody_context: CustodyContextSsz = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .custody_context()
            .as_ref()
            .into();
        debug!(?custody_context, "Persisting custody context to store");

        persist_custody_context::<T::EthSpec, T::HotStore, T::ColdStore>(
            self.store.clone(),
            custody_context,
        )?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Returns the slot _right now_ according to `self.slot_clock`. Returns `Err` if the slot is
    /// unavailable.
    ///
    /// The slot might be unavailable due to an error with the system clock, or if the present time
    /// is before genesis (i.e., a negative slot).
    pub fn slot(&self) -> Result<Slot, Error> {
        self.slot_clock.now().ok_or(Error::UnableToReadSlot)
    }

    /// Returns the epoch _right now_ according to `self.slot_clock`. Returns `Err` if the epoch is
    /// unavailable.
    ///
    /// The epoch might be unavailable due to an error with the system clock, or if the present time
    /// is before genesis (i.e., a negative epoch).
    pub fn epoch(&self) -> Result<Epoch, Error> {
        self.slot()
            .map(|slot| slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()))
    }

    /// Iterates across all `(block_root, slot)` pairs from `start_slot`
    /// to the head of the chain (inclusive).
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// - `slot` always increases by `1`.
    /// - Skipped slots contain the root of the closest prior
    ///   non-skipped slot (identical to the way they are stored in `state.block_roots`).
    /// - Iterator returns `(Hash256, Slot)`.
    ///
    /// Will return a `BlockOutOfRange` error if the requested start slot is before the period of
    /// history for which we have blocks stored. See `get_oldest_block_slot`.
    pub fn forwards_iter_block_roots(
        &self,
        start_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Result<(Hash256, Slot), Error>> + '_, Error> {
        let oldest_block_slot = self.store.get_oldest_block_slot();
        if start_slot < oldest_block_slot {
            return Err(Error::HistoricalBlockOutOfRange {
                slot: start_slot,
                oldest_block_slot,
            });
        }

        let local_head = self.head_snapshot();

        let iter = self.store.forwards_block_roots_iterator(
            start_slot,
            local_head.beacon_state.clone(),
            local_head.beacon_block_root,
        )?;

        Ok(iter.map(|result| result.map_err(Into::into)))
    }

    /// Even more efficient variant of `forwards_iter_block_roots` that will avoid cloning the head
    /// state if it isn't required for the requested range of blocks.
    /// The range [start_slot, end_slot] is inclusive (ie `start_slot <= end_slot`)
    pub fn forwards_iter_block_roots_until(
        &self,
        start_slot: Slot,
        end_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Result<(Hash256, Slot), Error>> + '_, Error> {
        let oldest_block_slot = self.store.get_oldest_block_slot();
        if start_slot < oldest_block_slot {
            return Err(Error::HistoricalBlockOutOfRange {
                slot: start_slot,
                oldest_block_slot,
            });
        }

        self.with_head(move |head| {
            let iter =
                self.store
                    .forwards_block_roots_iterator_until(start_slot, end_slot, || {
                        Ok((head.beacon_state.clone(), head.beacon_block_root))
                    })?;
            Ok(iter
                .map(|result| result.map_err(Into::into))
                .take_while(move |result| {
                    result.as_ref().map_or(true, |(_, slot)| *slot <= end_slot)
                }))
        })
    }

    /// Traverse backwards from `block_root` to find the block roots of its ancestors.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// - `slot` always decreases by `1`.
    /// - Skipped slots contain the root of the closest prior
    ///   non-skipped slot (identical to the way they are stored in `state.block_roots`) .
    /// - Iterator returns `(Hash256, Slot)`.
    /// - The provided `block_root` is included as the first item in the iterator.
    pub fn rev_iter_block_roots_from(
        &self,
        block_root: Hash256,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Result<(Hash256, Slot), Error>> + '_, Error> {
        let block = self
            .get_blinded_block(&block_root)?
            .ok_or(Error::MissingBeaconBlock(block_root))?;
        // This method is only used in tests, so we may as well cache states to make CI go brr.
        // TODO(release-v7) move this method out of beacon chain and into `store_tests`` or something equivalent.
        let state = self
            .get_state(&block.state_root(), Some(block.slot()), true)?
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingBeaconState(block.state_root()))?;
        let iter = BlockRootsIterator::owned(&self.store, state);
        Ok(std::iter::once(Ok((block_root, block.slot())))
            .chain(iter)
            .map(|result| result.map_err(|e| e.into())))
    }

    /// Iterates backwards across all `(state_root, slot)` pairs starting from
    /// an arbitrary `BeaconState` to the earliest reachable ancestor (may or may not be genesis).
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// - `slot` always decreases by `1`.
    /// - Iterator returns `(Hash256, Slot)`.
    /// - As this iterator starts at the `head` of the chain (viz., the best block), the first slot
    ///   returned may be earlier than the wall-clock slot.
    pub fn rev_iter_state_roots_from<'a>(
        &'a self,
        state_root: Hash256,
        state: &'a BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<(Hash256, Slot), Error>> + 'a {
        std::iter::once(Ok((state_root, state.slot())))
            .chain(StateRootsIterator::new(&self.store, state))
            .map(|result| result.map_err(Into::into))
    }

    /// Iterates across all `(state_root, slot)` pairs from `start_slot`
    /// to the head of the chain (inclusive).
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// - `slot` always increases by `1`.
    /// - Iterator returns `(Hash256, Slot)`.
    pub fn forwards_iter_state_roots(
        &self,
        start_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Result<(Hash256, Slot), Error>> + '_, Error> {
        let local_head = self.head_snapshot();

        let iter = self.store.forwards_state_roots_iterator(
            start_slot,
            local_head.beacon_state_root(),
            local_head.beacon_state.clone(),
        )?;

        Ok(iter.map(|result| result.map_err(Into::into)))
    }

    /// Super-efficient forwards state roots iterator that avoids cloning the head if the state
    /// roots lie entirely within the freezer database.
    ///
    /// The iterator returned will include roots for `start_slot..=end_slot`, i.e.  it
    /// is endpoint inclusive.
    pub fn forwards_iter_state_roots_until(
        &self,
        start_slot: Slot,
        end_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Result<(Hash256, Slot), Error>> + '_, Error> {
        self.with_head(move |head| {
            let iter =
                self.store
                    .forwards_state_roots_iterator_until(start_slot, end_slot, || {
                        Ok((head.beacon_state.clone(), head.beacon_state_root()))
                    })?;
            Ok(iter
                .map(|result| result.map_err(Into::into))
                .take_while(move |result| {
                    result.as_ref().map_or(true, |(_, slot)| *slot <= end_slot)
                }))
        })
    }

    /// Returns the block at the given slot, if any. Only returns blocks in the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// Use the `skips` parameter to define the behaviour when `request_slot` is a skipped slot.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return a database error.
    pub fn block_at_slot(
        &self,
        request_slot: Slot,
        skips: WhenSlotSkipped,
    ) -> Result<Option<SignedBlindedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        let root = self.block_root_at_slot(request_slot, skips)?;

        if let Some(block_root) = root {
            Ok(self.store.get_blinded_block(&block_root)?)
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Returns the state root at the given slot, if any. Only returns state roots in the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return a database error.
    pub fn state_root_at_slot(&self, request_slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<Hash256>, Error> {
        if request_slot == self.spec.genesis_slot {
            return Ok(Some(self.genesis_state_root));
        } else if request_slot > self.slot()? {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        // Check limits w.r.t historic state bounds.
        let (historic_lower_limit, historic_upper_limit) = self.store.get_historic_state_limits();
        if request_slot > historic_lower_limit && request_slot < historic_upper_limit {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        // Try an optimized path of reading the root directly from the head state.
        let fast_lookup: Option<Hash256> = self.with_head(|head| {
            if head.beacon_block.slot() <= request_slot {
                // Return the head state root if all slots between the request and the head are skipped.
                Ok(Some(head.beacon_state_root()))
            } else if let Ok(root) = head.beacon_state.get_state_root(request_slot) {
                // Return the root if it's easily accessible from the head state.
                Ok(Some(*root))
            } else {
                // Fast lookup is not possible.
                Ok::<_, Error>(None)
            }
        })?;

        if let Some(root) = fast_lookup {
            return Ok(Some(root));
        }

        process_results(
            self.forwards_iter_state_roots_until(request_slot, request_slot)?,
            |mut iter| {
                if let Some((root, slot)) = iter.next() {
                    if slot == request_slot {
                        Ok(Some(root))
                    } else {
                        // Sanity check.
                        Err(Error::InconsistentForwardsIter { request_slot, slot })
                    }
                } else {
                    Ok(None)
                }
            },
        )?
    }

    /// Returns the block root at the given slot, if any. Only returns roots in the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// - Use the `skips` parameter to define the behaviour when `request_slot` is a skipped slot.
    /// - Returns `Ok(None)` for any slot higher than the current wall-clock slot, or less than
    ///   the oldest known block slot.
    pub fn block_root_at_slot(
        &self,
        request_slot: Slot,
        skips: WhenSlotSkipped,
    ) -> Result<Option<Hash256>, Error> {
        match skips {
            WhenSlotSkipped::None => self.block_root_at_slot_skips_none(request_slot),
            WhenSlotSkipped::Prev => self.block_root_at_slot_skips_prev(request_slot),
        }
        .or_else(|e| match e {
            Error::HistoricalBlockOutOfRange { .. } => Ok(None),
            e => Err(e),
        })
    }

    /// Returns the block root at the given slot, if any. Only returns roots in the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// - Returns `Ok(None)` if the given `Slot` was skipped.
    /// - Returns `Ok(None)` for any slot higher than the current wall-clock slot.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return a database error.
    fn block_root_at_slot_skips_none(&self, request_slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<Hash256>, Error> {
        if request_slot == self.spec.genesis_slot {
            return Ok(Some(self.genesis_block_root));
        } else if request_slot > self.slot()? {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let prev_slot = request_slot.saturating_sub(1_u64);

        // Try an optimized path of reading the root directly from the head state.
        let fast_lookup: Option<Option<Hash256>> = self.with_head(|head| {
            let state = &head.beacon_state;

            // Try find the root for the `request_slot`.
            let request_root_opt = match state.slot().cmp(&request_slot) {
                // It's always a skip slot if the head is less than the request slot, return early.
                Ordering::Less => return Ok(Some(None)),
                // The request slot is the head slot.
                Ordering::Equal => Some(head.beacon_block_root),
                // Try find the request slot in the state.
                Ordering::Greater => state.get_block_root(request_slot).ok().copied(),
            };

            if let Some(request_root) = request_root_opt {
                if let Ok(prev_root) = state.get_block_root(prev_slot) {
                    return Ok(Some((*prev_root != request_root).then_some(request_root)));
                }
            }

            // Fast lookup is not possible.
            Ok::<_, Error>(None)
        })?;
        if let Some(root_opt) = fast_lookup {
            return Ok(root_opt);
        }

        // Do not try to access the previous slot if it's older than the oldest block root
        // stored in the database. Instead, load just the block root at `oldest_block_slot`,
        // under the assumption that the `oldest_block_slot` *is not* a skipped slot (should be
        // true because it is set by the oldest *block*).
        if request_slot == self.store.get_anchor_info().oldest_block_slot {
            return self.block_root_at_slot_skips_prev(request_slot);
        }

        if let Some(((prev_root, _), (curr_root, curr_slot))) = process_results(
            self.forwards_iter_block_roots_until(prev_slot, request_slot)?,
            |iter| iter.tuple_windows().next(),
        )? {
            // Sanity check.
            if curr_slot != request_slot {
                return Err(Error::InconsistentForwardsIter {
                    request_slot,
                    slot: curr_slot,
                });
            }
            Ok((curr_root != prev_root).then_some(curr_root))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Returns the block root at the given slot, if any. Only returns roots in the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// - Returns the root at the previous non-skipped slot if the given `Slot` was skipped.
    /// - Returns `Ok(None)` for any slot higher than the current wall-clock slot.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return a database error.
    fn block_root_at_slot_skips_prev(&self, request_slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<Hash256>, Error> {
        if request_slot == self.spec.genesis_slot {
            return Ok(Some(self.genesis_block_root));
        } else if request_slot > self.slot()? {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        // Try an optimized path of reading the root directly from the head state.
        let fast_lookup: Option<Hash256> = self.with_head(|head| {
            if head.beacon_block.slot() <= request_slot {
                // Return the head root if all slots between the request and the head are skipped.
                Ok(Some(head.beacon_block_root))
            } else if let Ok(root) = head.beacon_state.get_block_root(request_slot) {
                // Return the root if it's easily accessible from the head state.
                Ok(Some(*root))
            } else {
                // Fast lookup is not possible.
                Ok::<_, Error>(None)
            }
        })?;
        if let Some(root) = fast_lookup {
            return Ok(Some(root));
        }

        process_results(
            self.forwards_iter_block_roots_until(request_slot, request_slot)?,
            |mut iter| {
                if let Some((root, slot)) = iter.next() {
                    if slot == request_slot {
                        Ok(Some(root))
                    } else {
                        // Sanity check.
                        Err(Error::InconsistentForwardsIter { request_slot, slot })
                    }
                } else {
                    Ok(None)
                }
            },
        )?
    }

    /// Returns the block at the given root, if any.
    ///
    /// Will also check the early attester cache for the block. Because of this, there's no
    /// guarantee that a block returned from this function has a `BeaconState` available in
    /// `self.store`. The expected use for this function is *only* for returning blocks requested
    /// from P2P peers.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return a database error.
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn get_blocks_checking_caches(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_roots: Vec<Hash256>,
    ) -> Result<
        impl Stream<
            Item = (
                Hash256,
                Arc<Result<Option<Arc<SignedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>>>, Error>>,
            ),
        >,
        Error,
    > {
        Ok(BeaconBlockStreamer::<T>::new(self, CheckCaches::Yes)?.launch_stream(block_roots))
    }

    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn get_blocks(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_roots: Vec<Hash256>,
    ) -> Result<
        impl Stream<
            Item = (
                Hash256,
                Arc<Result<Option<Arc<SignedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>>>, Error>>,
            ),
        >,
        Error,
    > {
        Ok(BeaconBlockStreamer::<T>::new(self, CheckCaches::No)?.launch_stream(block_roots))
    }

    pub fn get_blobs_checking_early_attester_cache(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<BlobSidecarListFromRoot<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        self.early_attester_cache
            .get_blobs(*block_root)
            .map(Into::into)
            .map_or_else(|| self.get_blobs(block_root), Ok)
    }

    pub fn get_data_columns_checking_all_caches(
        &self,
        block_root: Hash256,
        indices: &[ColumnIndex],
    ) -> Result<DataColumnSidecarList<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let all_cached_columns_opt = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .get_data_columns(block_root)
            .or_else(|| self.early_attester_cache.get_data_columns(block_root));

        if let Some(mut all_cached_columns) = all_cached_columns_opt {
            all_cached_columns.retain(|col| indices.contains(&col.index));
            Ok(all_cached_columns)
        } else {
            indices
                .iter()
                .filter_map(|index| self.get_data_column(&block_root, index).transpose())
                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
        }
    }

    /// Returns the block at the given root, if any.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return a database error.
    pub async fn get_block(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<Option<SignedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        // Load block from database, returning immediately if we have the full block w payload
        // stored.
        let blinded_block = match self.store.try_get_full_block(block_root)? {
            Some(DatabaseBlock::Full(block)) => return Ok(Some(block)),
            Some(DatabaseBlock::Blinded(block)) => block,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };
        let fork = blinded_block.fork_name(&self.spec)?;

        // If we only have a blinded block, load the execution payload from the EL.
        let block_message = blinded_block.message();
        let execution_payload_header = block_message
            .execution_payload()
            .map_err(|_| Error::BlockVariantLacksExecutionPayload(*block_root))?
            .to_execution_payload_header();

        let exec_block_hash = execution_payload_header.block_hash();

        let execution_payload = self
            .execution_layer
            .as_ref()
            .ok_or(Error::ExecutionLayerMissing)?
            .get_payload_for_header(&execution_payload_header, fork)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                Error::ExecutionLayerErrorPayloadReconstruction(exec_block_hash, Box::new(e))
            })?
            .ok_or(Error::BlockHashMissingFromExecutionLayer(exec_block_hash))?;

        // Verify payload integrity.
        let header_from_payload = ExecutionPayloadHeader::from(execution_payload.to_ref());
        if header_from_payload != execution_payload_header {
            for txn in execution_payload.transactions() {
                debug!(
                    bytes = format!("0x{}", hex::encode(&**txn)),
                    "Reconstructed txn"
                );
            }

            return Err(Error::InconsistentPayloadReconstructed {
                slot: blinded_block.slot(),
                exec_block_hash,
                canonical_transactions_root: execution_payload_header.transactions_root(),
                reconstructed_transactions_root: header_from_payload.transactions_root(),
            });
        }

        // Add the payload to the block to form a full block.
        blinded_block
            .try_into_full_block(Some(execution_payload))
            .ok_or(Error::AddPayloadLogicError)
            .map(Some)
    }

    /// Returns the blobs at the given root, if any.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    /// May return a database error.
    pub fn get_blobs(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<BlobSidecarListFromRoot<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        self.store.get_blobs(block_root).map_err(Error::from)
    }

    /// Returns the data columns at the given root, if any.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    /// May return a database error.
    pub fn get_data_columns(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<Option<DataColumnSidecarList<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        self.store.get_data_columns(block_root).map_err(Error::from)
    }

    /// Returns the blobs at the given root, if any.
    ///
    /// Uses the `block.epoch()` to determine whether to retrieve blobs or columns from the store.
    ///
    /// If at least 50% of columns are retrieved, blobs will be reconstructed and returned,
    /// otherwise an error `InsufficientColumnsToReconstructBlobs` is returned.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    /// May return a database error.
    pub fn get_or_reconstruct_blobs(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<Option<BlobSidecarList<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        let Some(block) = self.store.get_blinded_block(block_root)? else {
            return Ok(None);
        };

        if self.spec.is_peer_das_enabled_for_epoch(block.epoch()) {
            if let Some(columns) = self.store.get_data_columns(block_root)? {
                let num_required_columns = self.spec.number_of_columns / 2;
                let reconstruction_possible = columns.len() >= num_required_columns as usize;
                if reconstruction_possible {
                    reconstruct_blobs(&self.kzg, &columns, None, &block, &self.spec)
                        .map(Some)
                        .map_err(Error::FailedToReconstructBlobs)
                } else {
                    Err(Error::InsufficientColumnsToReconstructBlobs {
                        columns_found: columns.len(),
                    })
                }
            } else {
                Ok(None)
            }
        } else {
            self.get_blobs(block_root).map(|b| b.blobs())
        }
    }

    /// Returns the data columns at the given root, if any.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    /// May return a database error.
    pub fn get_data_column(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
        column_index: &ColumnIndex,
    ) -> Result<Option<Arc<DataColumnSidecar<T::EthSpec>>>, Error> {
        Ok(self.store.get_data_column(block_root, column_index)?)
    }

    pub fn get_blinded_block(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<Option<SignedBlindedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        Ok(self.store.get_blinded_block(block_root)?)
    }

    /// Return the status of a block as it progresses through the various caches of the beacon
    /// chain. Used by sync to learn the status of a block and prevent repeated downloads /
    /// processing attempts.
    pub fn get_block_process_status(&self, block_root: &Hash256) -> BlockProcessStatus<T::EthSpec> {
        if let Some(block) = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .get_execution_valid_block(block_root)
        {
            return BlockProcessStatus::ExecutionValidated(block);
        }

        if let Some(block) = self.reqresp_pre_import_cache.read().get(block_root) {
            // A block is on the `reqresp_pre_import_cache` but NOT in the
            // `data_availability_checker` only if it is actively processing. We can expect a future
            // event with the result of processing
            return BlockProcessStatus::NotValidated(block.clone());
        }

        BlockProcessStatus::Unknown
    }

    /// Returns the state at the given root, if any.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return a database error.
    pub fn get_state(
        &self,
        state_root: &Hash256,
        slot: Option<Slot>,
        update_cache: bool,
    ) -> Result<Option<BeaconState<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        Ok(self.store.get_state(state_root, slot, update_cache)?)
    }

    /// Return the sync committee at `slot + 1` from the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// This is useful when dealing with sync committee messages, because messages are signed
    /// and broadcast one slot prior to the slot of the sync committee (which is relevant at
    /// sync committee period boundaries).
    pub fn sync_committee_at_next_slot(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Arc<SyncCommittee<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        let epoch = slot.safe_add(1)?.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        self.sync_committee_at_epoch(epoch)
    }

    /// Return the sync committee at `epoch` from the canonical chain.
    pub fn sync_committee_at_epoch(
        &self,
        epoch: Epoch,
    ) -> Result<Arc<SyncCommittee<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        // Try to read a committee from the head. This will work most of the time, but will fail
        // for faraway committees, or if there are skipped slots at the transition to Altair.
        let spec = &self.spec;
        let committee_from_head =
            self.with_head(
                |head| match head.beacon_state.get_built_sync_committee(epoch, spec) {
                    Ok(committee) => Ok(Some(committee.clone())),
                    Err(BeaconStateError::SyncCommitteeNotKnown { .. })
                    | Err(BeaconStateError::IncorrectStateVariant) => Ok(None),
                    Err(e) => Err(Error::from(e)),
                },
            )?;

        if let Some(committee) = committee_from_head {
            Ok(committee)
        } else {
            // Slow path: load a state (or advance the head).
            let sync_committee_period = epoch.sync_committee_period(spec)?;
            let committee = self
                .state_for_sync_committee_period(sync_committee_period)?
                .get_built_sync_committee(epoch, spec)?
                .clone();
            Ok(committee)
        }
    }

    /// Load a state suitable for determining the sync committee for the given period.
    ///
    /// Specifically, the state at the start of the *previous* sync committee period.
    ///
    /// This is sufficient for historical duties, and efficient in the case where the head
    /// is lagging the current period and we need duties for the next period (because we only
    /// have to transition the head to start of the current period).
    ///
    /// We also need to ensure that the load slot is after the Altair fork.
    ///
    /// **WARNING**: the state returned will have dummy state roots. It should only be used
    /// for its sync committees (determining duties, etc).
    pub fn state_for_sync_committee_period(
        &self,
        sync_committee_period: u64,
    ) -> Result<BeaconState<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let altair_fork_epoch = self
            .spec
            .altair_fork_epoch
            .ok_or(Error::AltairForkDisabled)?;

        let load_slot = std::cmp::max(
            self.spec.epochs_per_sync_committee_period * sync_committee_period.saturating_sub(1),
            altair_fork_epoch,
        )
        .start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());

        self.state_at_slot(load_slot, StateSkipConfig::WithoutStateRoots)
    }

    pub fn recompute_and_cache_light_client_updates(
        &self,
        (parent_root, slot, sync_aggregate): LightClientProducerEvent<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.light_client_server_cache.recompute_and_cache_updates(
            self.store.clone(),
            slot,
            &parent_root,
            &sync_aggregate,
            &self.spec,
        )
    }

    pub fn get_light_client_updates(
        &self,
        sync_committee_period: u64,
        count: u64,
    ) -> Result<Vec<LightClientUpdate<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        self.light_client_server_cache.get_light_client_updates(
            &self.store,
            sync_committee_period,
            count,
            &self.spec,
        )
    }

    /// Returns the current heads of the `BeaconChain`. For the canonical head, see `Self::head`.
    ///
    /// Returns `(block_root, block_slot)`.
    pub fn heads(&self) -> Vec<(Hash256, Slot)> {
        self.canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .proto_array()
            .heads_descended_from_finalization::<T::EthSpec>()
            .iter()
            .map(|node| (node.root, node.slot))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Returns the `BeaconState` at the given slot.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` when the state is not found in the database or there is an error skipping
    /// to a future state.
    pub fn state_at_slot(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        config: StateSkipConfig,
    ) -> Result<BeaconState<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let head_state = self.head_beacon_state_cloned();

        match slot.cmp(&head_state.slot()) {
            Ordering::Equal => Ok(head_state),
            Ordering::Greater => {
                if slot > head_state.slot() + T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch() {
                    warn!(
                        head_slot = %head_state.slot(),
                        request_slot = %slot,
                        "Skipping more than an epoch"
                    )
                }

                let head_state_slot = head_state.slot();
                let mut state = head_state;

                let skip_state_root = match config {
                    StateSkipConfig::WithStateRoots => None,
                    StateSkipConfig::WithoutStateRoots => Some(Hash256::zero()),
                };

                while state.slot() < slot {
                    // Note: supplying some `state_root` when it is known would be a cheap and easy
                    // optimization.
                    match per_slot_processing(&mut state, skip_state_root, &self.spec) {
                        Ok(_) => (),
                        Err(e) => {
                            warn!(
                                error = ?e,
                                head_slot= %head_state_slot,
                                requested_slot = %slot,
                                "Unable to load state at slot"
                            );
                            return Err(Error::NoStateForSlot(slot));
                        }
                    };
                }
                Ok(state)
            }
            Ordering::Less => {
                let state_root =
                    process_results(self.forwards_iter_state_roots_until(slot, slot)?, |iter| {
                        iter.take_while(|(_, current_slot)| *current_slot >= slot)
                            .find(|(_, current_slot)| *current_slot == slot)
                            .map(|(root, _slot)| root)
                    })?
                    .ok_or(Error::NoStateForSlot(slot))?;

                // This branch is mostly reached from the HTTP API when doing analysis, or in niche
                // situations when producing a block. In the HTTP API case we assume the user wants
                // to cache states so that future calls are faster, and that if the cache is
                // struggling due to non-finality that they will dial down inessential calls. In the
                // block proposal case we want to cache the state so that we can process the block
                // quickly after it has been signed.
                Ok(self
                    .get_state(&state_root, Some(slot), true)?
                    .ok_or(Error::NoStateForSlot(slot))?)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the `BeaconState` the current slot (viz., `self.slot()`).
    ///
    ///  - A reference to the head state (note: this keeps a read lock on the head, try to use
    ///    sparingly).
    ///  - The head state, but with skipped slots (for states later than the head).
    ///
    ///  Returns `None` when there is an error skipping to a future state or the slot clock cannot
    ///  be read.
    pub fn wall_clock_state(&self) -> Result<BeaconState<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        self.state_at_slot(self.slot()?, StateSkipConfig::WithStateRoots)
    }

    /// Returns the validator index (if any) for the given public key.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// This query uses the `validator_pubkey_cache` which contains _all_ validators ever seen,
    /// even if those validators aren't included in the head state. It is important to remember
    /// that just because a validator exists here, it doesn't necessarily exist in all
    /// `BeaconStates`.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return an error if acquiring a read-lock on the `validator_pubkey_cache` times out.
    pub fn validator_index(&self, pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Result<Option<usize>, Error> {
        let pubkey_cache = self.validator_pubkey_cache.read();

        Ok(pubkey_cache.get_index(pubkey))
    }

    /// Return the validator indices of all public keys fetched from an iterator.
    ///
    /// If any public key doesn't belong to a known validator then an error will be returned.
    /// We could consider relaxing this by returning `Vec<Option<usize>>` in future.
    pub fn validator_indices<'a>(
        &self,
        validator_pubkeys: impl Iterator<Item = &'a PublicKeyBytes>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<u64>, Error> {
        let pubkey_cache = self.validator_pubkey_cache.read();

        validator_pubkeys
            .map(|pubkey| {
                pubkey_cache
                    .get_index(pubkey)
                    .map(|id| id as u64)
                    .ok_or(Error::ValidatorPubkeyUnknown(*pubkey))
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Returns the validator pubkey (if any) for the given validator index.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// This query uses the `validator_pubkey_cache` which contains _all_ validators ever seen,
    /// even if those validators aren't included in the head state. It is important to remember
    /// that just because a validator exists here, it doesn't necessarily exist in all
    /// `BeaconStates`.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return an error if acquiring a read-lock on the `validator_pubkey_cache` times out.
    pub fn validator_pubkey(&self, validator_index: usize) -> Result<Option<PublicKey>, Error> {
        let pubkey_cache = self.validator_pubkey_cache.read();

        Ok(pubkey_cache.get(validator_index).cloned())
    }

    /// As per `Self::validator_pubkey`, but returns `PublicKeyBytes`.
    pub fn validator_pubkey_bytes(
        &self,
        validator_index: usize,
    ) -> Result<Option<PublicKeyBytes>, Error> {
        let pubkey_cache = self.validator_pubkey_cache.read();

        Ok(pubkey_cache.get_pubkey_bytes(validator_index).copied())
    }

    /// As per `Self::validator_pubkey_bytes` but will resolve multiple indices at once to avoid
    /// bouncing the read-lock on the pubkey cache.
    ///
    /// Returns a map that may have a length less than `validator_indices.len()` if some indices
    /// were unable to be resolved.
    pub fn validator_pubkey_bytes_many(
        &self,
        validator_indices: &[usize],
    ) -> Result<HashMap<usize, PublicKeyBytes>, Error> {
        let pubkey_cache = self.validator_pubkey_cache.read();

        let mut map = HashMap::with_capacity(validator_indices.len());
        for &validator_index in validator_indices {
            if let Some(pubkey) = pubkey_cache.get_pubkey_bytes(validator_index) {
                map.insert(validator_index, *pubkey);
            }
        }
        Ok(map)
    }

    /// Returns the block canonical root of the current canonical chain at a given slot, starting from the given state.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the given slot doesn't exist in the chain.
    pub fn root_at_slot_from_state(
        &self,
        target_slot: Slot,
        beacon_block_root: Hash256,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<Option<Hash256>, Error> {
        let iter = BlockRootsIterator::new(&self.store, state);
        let iter_with_head = std::iter::once(Ok((beacon_block_root, state.slot())))
            .chain(iter)
            .map(|result| result.map_err(|e| e.into()));

        process_results(iter_with_head, |mut iter| {
            iter.find(|(_, slot)| *slot == target_slot)
                .map(|(root, _)| root)
        })
    }

    /// Returns the attestation duties for the given validator indices using the shuffling cache.
    ///
    /// An error may be returned if `head_block_root` is a finalized block, this function is only
    /// designed for operations at the head of the chain.
    ///
    /// The returned `Vec` will have the same length as `validator_indices`, any
    /// non-existing/inactive validators will have `None` values.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// This function will try to use the shuffling cache to return the value. If the value is not
    /// in the shuffling cache, it will be added. Care should be taken not to wash out the
    /// shuffling cache with historical/useless values.
    pub fn validator_attestation_duties(
        &self,
        validator_indices: &[u64],
        epoch: Epoch,
        head_block_root: Hash256,
    ) -> Result<(Vec<Option<AttestationDuty>>, Hash256, ExecutionStatus), Error> {
        let execution_status = self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_block_execution_status(&head_block_root)
            .ok_or(Error::AttestationHeadNotInForkChoice(head_block_root))?;

        let (duties, dependent_root) = self.with_committee_cache(
            head_block_root,
            epoch,
            |committee_cache, dependent_root| {
                let duties = validator_indices
                    .iter()
                    .map(|validator_index| {
                        let validator_index = *validator_index as usize;
                        committee_cache.get_attestation_duties(validator_index)
                    })
                    .collect();

                Ok((duties, dependent_root))
            },
        )?;
        Ok((duties, dependent_root, execution_status))
    }

    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation(
        &self,
        attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        match attestation {
            AttestationRef::Base(att) => self.get_aggregated_attestation_base(&att.data),
            AttestationRef::Electra(att) => self.get_aggregated_attestation_electra(
                att.data.slot,
                &att.data.tree_hash_root(),
                att.committee_index()
                    .ok_or(Error::AttestationCommitteeIndexNotSet)?,
            ),
        }
    }

    pub fn manually_compact_database(&self) {
        self.store_migrator.process_manual_compaction();
    }

    pub fn manually_finalize_state(
        &self,
        state_root: Hash256,
        checkpoint: Checkpoint,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let HotStateSummary {
            slot,
            latest_block_root,
            ..
        } = self
            .store
            .load_hot_state_summary(&state_root)
            .map_err(BeaconChainError::DBError)?
            .ok_or(BeaconChainError::MissingHotStateSummary(state_root))?;

        if slot != checkpoint.epoch.start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch())
            || latest_block_root != *checkpoint.root
        {
            return Err(BeaconChainError::InvalidCheckpoint {
                state_root,
                checkpoint,
            });
        }

        let notif = ManualFinalizationNotification {
            state_root: state_root.into(),
            checkpoint,
        };

        self.store_migrator.process_manual_finalization(notif);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Returns an aggregated `Attestation`, if any, that has a matching `attestation.data`.
    ///
    /// The attestation will be obtained from `self.naive_aggregation_pool`.
    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation_base(
        &self,
        data: &AttestationData,
    ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        let attestation_key = crate::naive_aggregation_pool::AttestationKey::new_base(data);
        if let Some(attestation) = self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().get(&attestation_key) {
            self.filter_optimistic_attestation(attestation)
                .map(Option::Some)
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation_electra(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        attestation_data_root: &Hash256,
        committee_index: CommitteeIndex,
    ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        let attestation_key = crate::naive_aggregation_pool::AttestationKey::new_electra(
            slot,
            *attestation_data_root,
            committee_index,
        );
        if let Some(attestation) = self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().get(&attestation_key) {
            self.filter_optimistic_attestation(attestation)
                .map(Option::Some)
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Returns an aggregated `Attestation`, if any, that has a matching
    /// `attestation.data.tree_hash_root()`.
    ///
    /// The attestation will be obtained from `self.naive_aggregation_pool`.
    ///
    /// NOTE: This function will *only* work with pre-electra attestations and it only
    ///       exists to support the pre-electra validator API method.
    pub fn get_pre_electra_aggregated_attestation_by_slot_and_root(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        attestation_data_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        let attestation_key =
            crate::naive_aggregation_pool::AttestationKey::new_base_from_slot_and_root(
                slot,
                *attestation_data_root,
            );

        if let Some(attestation) = self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().get(&attestation_key) {
            self.filter_optimistic_attestation(attestation)
                .map(Option::Some)
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Returns `Ok(attestation)` if the supplied `attestation` references a valid
    /// `beacon_block_root`.
    fn filter_optimistic_attestation(
        &self,
        attestation: Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<Attestation<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let beacon_block_root = attestation.data().beacon_block_root;
        match self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_block_execution_status(&beacon_block_root)
        {
            // The attestation references a block that is not in fork choice, it must be
            // pre-finalization.
            None => Err(Error::CannotAttestToFinalizedBlock { beacon_block_root }),
            // The attestation references a fully valid `beacon_block_root`.
            Some(execution_status) if execution_status.is_valid_or_irrelevant() => Ok(attestation),
            // The attestation references a block that has not been verified by an EL (i.e. it
            // is optimistic or invalid). Don't return the block, return an error instead.
            Some(execution_status) => Err(Error::HeadBlockNotFullyVerified {
                beacon_block_root,
                execution_status,
            }),
        }
    }

    /// Return an aggregated `SyncCommitteeContribution` matching the given `root`.
    pub fn get_aggregated_sync_committee_contribution(
        &self,
        sync_contribution_data: &SyncContributionData,
    ) -> Result<Option<SyncCommitteeContribution<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
        if let Some(contribution) = self
            .naive_sync_aggregation_pool
            .read()
            .get(sync_contribution_data)
        {
            self.filter_optimistic_sync_committee_contribution(contribution)
                .map(Option::Some)
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    fn filter_optimistic_sync_committee_contribution(
        &self,
        contribution: SyncCommitteeContribution<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<SyncCommitteeContribution<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let beacon_block_root = contribution.beacon_block_root;
        match self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_block_execution_status(&beacon_block_root)
        {
            // The contribution references a block that is not in fork choice, it must be
            // pre-finalization.
            None => Err(Error::SyncContributionDataReferencesFinalizedBlock { beacon_block_root }),
            // The contribution references a fully valid `beacon_block_root`.
            Some(execution_status) if execution_status.is_valid_or_irrelevant() => Ok(contribution),
            // The contribution references a block that has not been verified by an EL (i.e. it
            // is optimistic or invalid). Don't return the block, return an error instead.
            Some(execution_status) => Err(Error::HeadBlockNotFullyVerified {
                beacon_block_root,
                execution_status,
            }),
        }
    }

    /// Produce an unaggregated `Attestation` that is valid for the given `slot` and `index`.
    ///
    /// The produced `Attestation` will not be valid until it has been signed by exactly one
    /// validator that is in the committee for `slot` and `index` in the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// Always attests to the canonical chain.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// May return an error if the `request_slot` is too far behind the head state.
    pub fn produce_unaggregated_attestation(
        &self,
        request_slot: Slot,
        request_index: CommitteeIndex,
    ) -> Result<Attestation<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let _total_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PRODUCTION_SECONDS);

        // The early attester cache will return `Some(attestation)` in the scenario where there is a
        // block being imported that will become the head block, but that block has not yet been
        // inserted into the database and set as `self.canonical_head`.
        //
        // In effect, the early attester cache prevents slow database IO from causing missed
        // head/target votes.
        //
        // The early attester cache should never contain an optimistically imported block.
        match self
            .early_attester_cache
            .try_attest(request_slot, request_index, &self.spec)
        {
            // The cache matched this request, return the value.
            Ok(Some(attestation)) => return Ok(attestation),
            // The cache did not match this request, proceed with the rest of this function.
            Ok(None) => (),
            // The cache returned an error. Log the error and proceed with the rest of this
            // function.
            Err(e) => warn!(
                error = ?e,
                "Early attester cache failed"
            ),
        }

        let slots_per_epoch = T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch();
        let request_epoch = request_slot.epoch(slots_per_epoch);

        /*
         * Phase 1/2:
         *
         * Take a short-lived read-lock on the head and copy the necessary information from it.
         *
         * It is important that this first phase is as quick as possible; creating contention for
         * the head-lock is not desirable.
         */

        let head_state_slot;
        let beacon_block_root;
        let beacon_state_root;
        let target;
        let current_epoch_attesting_info: Option<(Checkpoint, usize)>;
        let attester_cache_key;
        let head_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PRODUCTION_HEAD_SCRAPE_SECONDS);
        // The following braces are to prevent the `cached_head` Arc from being held for longer than
        // required. It also helps reduce the diff for a very large PR (#3244).
        {
            let head = self.head_snapshot();
            let head_state = &head.beacon_state;
            head_state_slot = head_state.slot();

            // There is no value in producing an attestation to a block that is pre-finalization and
            // it is likely to cause expensive and pointless reads to the freezer database. Exit
            // early if this is the case.
            let finalized_slot = head_state
                .finalized_checkpoint()
                .epoch
                .start_slot(slots_per_epoch);
            if request_slot < finalized_slot {
                return Err(Error::AttestingToFinalizedSlot {
                    finalized_slot,
                    request_slot,
                });
            }

            // This function will eventually fail when trying to access a slot which is
            // out-of-bounds of `state.block_roots`. This explicit error is intended to provide a
            // clearer message to the user than an ambiguous `SlotOutOfBounds` error.
            let slots_per_historical_root = T::EthSpec::slots_per_historical_root() as u64;
            let lowest_permissible_slot =
                head_state.slot().saturating_sub(slots_per_historical_root);
            if request_slot < lowest_permissible_slot {
                return Err(Error::AttestingToAncientSlot {
                    lowest_permissible_slot,
                    request_slot,
                });
            }

            if request_slot >= head_state.slot() {
                // When attesting to the head slot or later, always use the head of the chain.
                beacon_block_root = head.beacon_block_root;
                beacon_state_root = head.beacon_state_root();
            } else {
                // Permit attesting to slots *prior* to the current head. This is desirable when
                // the VC and BN are out-of-sync due to time issues or overloading.
                beacon_block_root = *head_state.get_block_root(request_slot)?;
                beacon_state_root = *head_state.get_state_root(request_slot)?;
            };

            let target_slot = request_epoch.start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
            let target_root = if head_state.slot() <= target_slot {
                // If the state is earlier than the target slot then the target *must* be the head
                // block root.
                beacon_block_root
            } else {
                *head_state.get_block_root(target_slot)?
            };
            target = Checkpoint {
                epoch: request_epoch,
                root: target_root,
            };

            current_epoch_attesting_info = if head_state.current_epoch() == request_epoch {
                // When the head state is in the same epoch as the request, all the information
                // required to attest is available on the head state.
                Some((
                    head_state.current_justified_checkpoint(),
                    head_state
                        .get_beacon_committee(request_slot, request_index)?
                        .committee
                        .len(),
                ))
            } else {
                // If the head state is in a *different* epoch to the request, more work is required
                // to determine the justified checkpoint and committee length.
                None
            };

            // Determine the key for `self.attester_cache`, in case it is required later in this
            // routine.
            attester_cache_key =
                AttesterCacheKey::new(request_epoch, head_state, beacon_block_root)?;
        }
        drop(head_timer);

        // Only attest to a block if it is fully verified (i.e. not optimistic or invalid).
        match self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_block_execution_status(&beacon_block_root)
        {
            Some(execution_status) if execution_status.is_valid_or_irrelevant() => (),
            Some(execution_status) => {
                return Err(Error::HeadBlockNotFullyVerified {
                    beacon_block_root,
                    execution_status,
                })
            }
            None => return Err(Error::HeadMissingFromForkChoice(beacon_block_root)),
        };

        /*
         *  Phase 2/2:
         *
         *  If the justified checkpoint and committee length from the head are suitable for this
         *  attestation, use them. If not, try the attester cache. If the cache misses, load a state
         *  from disk and prime the cache with it.
         */

        let cache_timer =
            metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PRODUCTION_CACHE_INTERACTION_SECONDS);
        let (justified_checkpoint, committee_len) =
            if let Some((justified_checkpoint, committee_len)) = current_epoch_attesting_info {
                // The head state is in the same epoch as the attestation, so there is no more
                // required information.
                (justified_checkpoint, committee_len)
            } else if let Some(cached_values) = self.attester_cache.get::<T::EthSpec>(
                &attester_cache_key,
                request_slot,
                request_index,
                &self.spec,
            )? {
                // The suitable values were already cached. Return them.
                cached_values
            } else {
                debug!(
                    ?beacon_block_root,
                    %head_state_slot,
                    %request_slot,
                    "Attester cache miss"
                );

                // Neither the head state, nor the attester cache was able to produce the required
                // information to attest in this epoch. So, load a `BeaconState` from disk and use
                // it to fulfil the request (and prime the cache to avoid this next time).
                let _cache_build_timer =
                    metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PRODUCTION_CACHE_PRIME_SECONDS);
                self.attester_cache.load_and_cache_state(
                    beacon_state_root,
                    attester_cache_key,
                    request_slot,
                    request_index,
                    self,
                )?
            };
        drop(cache_timer);

        Ok(Attestation::<T::EthSpec>::empty_for_signing(
            request_index,
            committee_len,
            request_slot,
            beacon_block_root,
            justified_checkpoint,
            target,
            &self.spec,
        )?)
    }

    /// Performs the same validation as `Self::verify_unaggregated_attestation_for_gossip`, but for
    /// multiple attestations using batch BLS verification. Batch verification can provide
    /// significant CPU-time savings compared to individual verification.
    pub fn batch_verify_unaggregated_attestations_for_gossip<'a, I>(
        &self,
        attestations: I,
    ) -> Result<
        Vec<Result<VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T>, AttestationError>>,
        AttestationError,
    >
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = (&'a SingleAttestation, Option<SubnetId>)> + ExactSizeIterator,
    {
        batch_verify_unaggregated_attestations(attestations, self)
    }

    /// Accepts some `Attestation` from the network and attempts to verify it, returning `Ok(_)` if
    /// it is valid to be (re)broadcast on the gossip network.
    ///
    /// The attestation must be "unaggregated", that is it must have exactly one
    /// aggregation bit set.
    pub fn verify_unaggregated_attestation_for_gossip<'a>(
        &self,
        unaggregated_attestation: &'a SingleAttestation,
        subnet_id: Option<SubnetId>,
    ) -> Result<VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T>, AttestationError> {
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::UNAGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_REQUESTS);
        let _timer =
            metrics::start_timer(&metrics::UNAGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_GOSSIP_VERIFICATION_TIMES);

        VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation::verify(unaggregated_attestation, subnet_id, self).inspect(
            |v| {
                // This method is called for API and gossip attestations, so this covers all unaggregated attestation events
                if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
                    if event_handler.has_single_attestation_subscribers() {
                        let current_fork = self
                            .spec
                            .fork_name_at_slot::<T::EthSpec>(v.attestation().data().slot);
                        if current_fork.electra_enabled() {
                            event_handler.register(EventKind::SingleAttestation(Box::new(
                                v.single_attestation(),
                            )));
                        }
                    }

                    if event_handler.has_attestation_subscribers() {
                        let current_fork = self
                            .spec
                            .fork_name_at_slot::<T::EthSpec>(v.attestation().data().slot);
                        if !current_fork.electra_enabled() {
                            event_handler.register(EventKind::Attestation(Box::new(
                                v.attestation().clone_as_attestation(),
                            )));
                        }
                    }
                }
                metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::UNAGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
            },
        )
    }

    /// Performs the same validation as `Self::verify_aggregated_attestation_for_gossip`, but for
    /// multiple attestations using batch BLS verification. Batch verification can provide
    /// significant CPU-time savings compared to individual verification.
    pub fn batch_verify_aggregated_attestations_for_gossip<'a, I>(
        &self,
        aggregates: I,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Result<VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T>, AttestationError>>, AttestationError>
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = &'a SignedAggregateAndProof<T::EthSpec>> + ExactSizeIterator,
    {
        batch_verify_aggregated_attestations(aggregates, self)
    }

    /// Accepts some `SignedAggregateAndProof` from the network and attempts to verify it,
    /// returning `Ok(_)` if it is valid to be (re)broadcast on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_aggregated_attestation_for_gossip<'a>(
        &self,
        signed_aggregate: &'a SignedAggregateAndProof<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T>, AttestationError> {
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::AGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_REQUESTS);
        let _timer =
            metrics::start_timer(&metrics::AGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_GOSSIP_VERIFICATION_TIMES);

        VerifiedAggregatedAttestation::verify(signed_aggregate, self).inspect(|v| {
            // This method is called for API and gossip attestations, so this covers all aggregated attestation events
            if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
                if event_handler.has_attestation_subscribers() {
                    event_handler.register(EventKind::Attestation(Box::new(
                        v.attestation().clone_as_attestation(),
                    )));
                }
            }
            metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::AGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
        })
    }

    /// Accepts some `SyncCommitteeMessage` from the network and attempts to verify it, returning `Ok(_)` if
    /// it is valid to be (re)broadcast on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_sync_committee_message_for_gossip(
        &self,
        sync_message: SyncCommitteeMessage,
        subnet_id: SyncSubnetId,
    ) -> Result<VerifiedSyncCommitteeMessage, SyncCommitteeError> {
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::SYNC_MESSAGE_PROCESSING_REQUESTS);
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::SYNC_MESSAGE_GOSSIP_VERIFICATION_TIMES);

        VerifiedSyncCommitteeMessage::verify(sync_message, subnet_id, self).inspect(|_| {
            metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::SYNC_MESSAGE_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
        })
    }

    /// Accepts some `SignedContributionAndProof` from the network and attempts to verify it,
    /// returning `Ok(_)` if it is valid to be (re)broadcast on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_sync_contribution_for_gossip(
        &self,
        sync_contribution: SignedContributionAndProof<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<VerifiedSyncContribution<T>, SyncCommitteeError> {
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::SYNC_CONTRIBUTION_PROCESSING_REQUESTS);
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::SYNC_CONTRIBUTION_GOSSIP_VERIFICATION_TIMES);
        VerifiedSyncContribution::verify(sync_contribution, self).inspect(|v| {
            if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
                if event_handler.has_contribution_subscribers() {
                    event_handler.register(EventKind::ContributionAndProof(Box::new(
                        v.aggregate().clone(),
                    )));
                }
            }
            metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::SYNC_CONTRIBUTION_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
        })
    }

    /// Accepts some 'LightClientFinalityUpdate' from the network and attempts to verify it
    pub fn verify_finality_update_for_gossip(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        light_client_finality_update: LightClientFinalityUpdate<T::EthSpec>,
        seen_timestamp: Duration,
    ) -> Result<VerifiedLightClientFinalityUpdate<T>, LightClientFinalityUpdateError> {
        VerifiedLightClientFinalityUpdate::verify(
            light_client_finality_update,
            self,
            seen_timestamp,
        )
        .inspect(|_| {
            metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::FINALITY_UPDATE_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
        })
    }

    pub fn verify_data_column_sidecar_for_gossip(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        data_column_sidecar: Arc<DataColumnSidecar<T::EthSpec>>,
        subnet_id: u64,
    ) -> Result<GossipVerifiedDataColumn<T>, GossipDataColumnError> {
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::DATA_COLUMN_SIDECAR_PROCESSING_REQUESTS);
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::DATA_COLUMN_SIDECAR_GOSSIP_VERIFICATION_TIMES);
        GossipVerifiedDataColumn::new(data_column_sidecar, subnet_id, self).inspect(|_| {
            metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::DATA_COLUMN_SIDECAR_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
        })
    }

    pub fn verify_blob_sidecar_for_gossip(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        blob_sidecar: Arc<BlobSidecar<T::EthSpec>>,
        subnet_id: u64,
    ) -> Result<GossipVerifiedBlob<T>, GossipBlobError> {
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BLOBS_SIDECAR_PROCESSING_REQUESTS);
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOBS_SIDECAR_GOSSIP_VERIFICATION_TIMES);
        GossipVerifiedBlob::new(blob_sidecar, subnet_id, self).inspect(|_| {
            metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BLOBS_SIDECAR_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
        })
    }

    /// Accepts some 'LightClientOptimisticUpdate' from the network and attempts to verify it
    pub fn verify_optimistic_update_for_gossip(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        light_client_optimistic_update: LightClientOptimisticUpdate<T::EthSpec>,
        seen_timestamp: Duration,
    ) -> Result<VerifiedLightClientOptimisticUpdate<T>, LightClientOptimisticUpdateError> {
        VerifiedLightClientOptimisticUpdate::verify(
            light_client_optimistic_update,
            self,
            seen_timestamp,
        )
        .inspect(|_| {
            metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::OPTIMISTIC_UPDATE_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
        })
    }

    /// Accepts some attestation-type object and attempts to verify it in the context of fork
    /// choice. If it is valid it is applied to `self.fork_choice`.
    ///
    /// Common items that implement `VerifiedAttestation`:
    ///
    /// - `VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation`
    /// - `VerifiedAggregatedAttestation`
    pub fn apply_attestation_to_fork_choice(
        &self,
        verified: &impl VerifiedAttestation<T>,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.canonical_head
            .fork_choice_write_lock()
            .on_attestation(
                self.slot()?,
                verified.indexed_attestation().to_ref(),
                AttestationFromBlock::False,
            )
            .map_err(Into::into)
    }

    /// Accepts an `VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation` and attempts to apply it to the "naive
    /// aggregation pool".
    ///
    /// The naive aggregation pool is used by local validators to produce
    /// `SignedAggregateAndProof`.
    ///
    /// If the attestation is too old (low slot) to be included in the pool it is simply dropped
    /// and no error is returned.
    pub fn add_to_naive_aggregation_pool(
        &self,
        unaggregated_attestation: &impl VerifiedAttestation<T>,
    ) -> Result<(), AttestationError> {
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_APPLY_TO_AGG_POOL);

        let attestation = unaggregated_attestation.attestation();

        match self.naive_aggregation_pool.write().insert(attestation) {
            Ok(outcome) => trace!(
                ?outcome,
                index = attestation.committee_index(),
                slot = attestation.data().slot.as_u64(),
                "Stored unaggregated attestation"
            ),
            Err(NaiveAggregationError::SlotTooLow {
                slot,
                lowest_permissible_slot,
            }) => {
                trace!(
                    lowest_permissible_slot = lowest_permissible_slot.as_u64(),
                    slot = slot.as_u64(),
                    "Refused to store unaggregated attestation"
                );
            }
            Err(e) => {
                error!(
                    error = ?e,
                    index = attestation.committee_index(),
                    slot = attestation.data().slot.as_u64(),
                    "Failed to store unaggregated attestation"
                );
                return Err(Error::from(e).into());
            }
        };

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Accepts a `VerifiedSyncCommitteeMessage` and attempts to apply it to the "naive
    /// aggregation pool".
    ///
    /// The naive aggregation pool is used by local validators to produce
    /// `SignedContributionAndProof`.
    ///
    /// If the sync message is too old (low slot) to be included in the pool it is simply dropped
    /// and no error is returned.
    pub fn add_to_naive_sync_aggregation_pool(
        &self,
        verified_sync_committee_message: VerifiedSyncCommitteeMessage,
    ) -> Result<VerifiedSyncCommitteeMessage, SyncCommitteeError> {
        let sync_message = verified_sync_committee_message.sync_message();
        let positions_by_subnet_id: &HashMap<SyncSubnetId, Vec<usize>> =
            verified_sync_committee_message.subnet_positions();
        for (subnet_id, positions) in positions_by_subnet_id.iter() {
            for position in positions {
                let _timer =
                    metrics::start_timer(&metrics::SYNC_CONTRIBUTION_PROCESSING_APPLY_TO_AGG_POOL);
                let contribution = SyncCommitteeContribution::from_message(
                    sync_message,
                    subnet_id.into(),
                    *position,
                )?;

                match self
                    .naive_sync_aggregation_pool
                    .write()
                    .insert(&contribution)
                {
                    Ok(outcome) => trace!(
                        ?outcome,
                        index = sync_message.validator_index,
                        slot = sync_message.slot.as_u64(),
                        "Stored unaggregated sync committee message"
                    ),
                    Err(NaiveAggregationError::SlotTooLow {
                        slot,
                        lowest_permissible_slot,
                    }) => {
                        trace!(
                            lowest_permissible_slot = lowest_permissible_slot.as_u64(),
                            slot = slot.as_u64(),
                            "Refused to store unaggregated sync committee message"
                        );
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        error!(
                            error = ?e,
                            index = sync_message.validator_index,
                            slot = sync_message.slot.as_u64(),
                            "Failed to store unaggregated sync committee message"
                        );
                        return Err(Error::from(e).into());
                    }
                };
            }
        }
        Ok(verified_sync_committee_message)
    }

    /// Accepts a `VerifiedAttestation` and attempts to apply it to `self.op_pool`.
    ///
    /// The op pool is used by local block producers to pack blocks with operations.
    pub fn add_to_block_inclusion_pool<A>(
        &self,
        verified_attestation: A,
    ) -> Result<(), AttestationError>
    where
        A: VerifiedAttestation<T>,
    {
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_APPLY_TO_OP_POOL);

        // If there's no eth1 chain then it's impossible to produce blocks and therefore
        // useless to put things in the op pool.
        let (attestation, attesting_indices) = verified_attestation.into_attestation_and_indices();
        self.op_pool
            .insert_attestation(attestation, attesting_indices)
            .map_err(Error::from)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Accepts a `VerifiedSyncContribution` and attempts to apply it to `self.op_pool`.
    ///
    /// The op pool is used by local block producers to pack blocks with operations.
    pub fn add_contribution_to_block_inclusion_pool(
        &self,
        contribution: VerifiedSyncContribution<T>,
    ) -> Result<(), SyncCommitteeError> {
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::SYNC_CONTRIBUTION_PROCESSING_APPLY_TO_OP_POOL);

        // If there's no eth1 chain then it's impossible to produce blocks and therefore
        // useless to put things in the op pool.
        self.op_pool
            .insert_sync_contribution(contribution.contribution())
            .map_err(Error::from)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Filter an attestation from the op pool for shuffling compatibility.
    ///
    /// Use the provided `filter_cache` map to memoize results.
    pub fn filter_op_pool_attestation(
        &self,
        filter_cache: &mut HashMap<(Hash256, Epoch), bool>,
        att: &CompactAttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> bool {
        *filter_cache
            .entry((att.data.beacon_block_root, att.checkpoint.target_epoch))
            .or_insert_with(|| {
                self.shuffling_is_compatible(
                    &att.data.beacon_block_root,
                    att.checkpoint.target_epoch,
                    state,
                )
            })
    }

    /// Check that the shuffling at `block_root` is equal to one of the shufflings of `state`.
    ///
    /// The `target_epoch` argument determines which shuffling to check compatibility with, it
    /// should be equal to the current or previous epoch of `state`, or else `false` will be
    /// returned.
    ///
    /// The compatibility check is designed to be fast: we check that the block that
    /// determined the RANDAO mix for the `target_epoch` matches the ancestor of the block
    /// identified by `block_root` (at that slot).
    pub fn shuffling_is_compatible(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
        target_epoch: Epoch,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> bool {
        self.shuffling_is_compatible_result(block_root, target_epoch, state)
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                debug!(
                    ?block_root,
                    %target_epoch,
                    reason = ?e,
                    "Skipping attestation with incompatible shuffling"
                );
                false
            })
    }

    fn shuffling_is_compatible_result(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
        target_epoch: Epoch,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        // Compute the shuffling ID for the head state in the `target_epoch`.
        let relative_epoch = RelativeEpoch::from_epoch(state.current_epoch(), target_epoch)
            .map_err(|e| Error::BeaconStateError(e.into()))?;
        let head_shuffling_id =
            AttestationShufflingId::new(self.genesis_block_root, state, relative_epoch)?;

        // Load the block's shuffling ID from fork choice. We use the variant of `get_block` that
        // checks descent from the finalized block, so there's one case where we'll spuriously
        // return `false`: where an attestation for the previous epoch nominates the pivot block
        // which is the parent block of the finalized block. Such attestations are not useful, so
        // this doesn't matter.
        let fork_choice_lock = self.canonical_head.fork_choice_read_lock();
        let block = fork_choice_lock
            .get_block(block_root)
            .ok_or(Error::AttestationHeadNotInForkChoice(*block_root))?;
        drop(fork_choice_lock);

        let block_shuffling_id = if target_epoch == block.current_epoch_shuffling_id.shuffling_epoch
        {
            block.current_epoch_shuffling_id
        } else if target_epoch == block.next_epoch_shuffling_id.shuffling_epoch {
            block.next_epoch_shuffling_id
        } else if target_epoch > block.next_epoch_shuffling_id.shuffling_epoch {
            AttestationShufflingId {
                shuffling_epoch: target_epoch,
                shuffling_decision_block: *block_root,
            }
        } else {
            debug!(
                ?block_root,
                %target_epoch,
                reason = "target epoch less than block epoch",
                "Skipping attestation with incompatible shuffling"
            );
            return Ok(false);
        };

        if head_shuffling_id == block_shuffling_id {
            Ok(true)
        } else {
            debug!(
                ?block_root,
                %target_epoch,
                ?head_shuffling_id,
                ?block_shuffling_id,
                "Skipping attestation with incompatible shuffling"
            );
            Ok(false)
        }
    }

    /// Verify a voluntary exit before allowing it to propagate on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_voluntary_exit_for_gossip(
        &self,
        exit: SignedVoluntaryExit,
    ) -> Result<ObservationOutcome<SignedVoluntaryExit, T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let head_snapshot = self.head().snapshot;
        let head_state = &head_snapshot.beacon_state;
        let wall_clock_epoch = self.epoch()?;

        Ok(self
            .observed_voluntary_exits
            .lock()
            .verify_and_observe_at(exit, wall_clock_epoch, head_state, &self.spec)
            .inspect(|exit| {
                // this method is called for both API and gossip exits, so this covers all exit events
                if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
                    if event_handler.has_exit_subscribers() {
                        if let ObservationOutcome::New(exit) = exit.clone() {
                            event_handler.register(EventKind::VoluntaryExit(exit.into_inner()));
                        }
                    }
                }
            })?)
    }

    /// Accept a pre-verified exit and queue it for inclusion in an appropriate block.
    pub fn import_voluntary_exit(&self, exit: SigVerifiedOp<SignedVoluntaryExit, T::EthSpec>) {
        self.op_pool.insert_voluntary_exit(exit)
    }

    /// Verify a proposer slashing before allowing it to propagate on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_proposer_slashing_for_gossip(
        &self,
        proposer_slashing: ProposerSlashing,
    ) -> Result<ObservationOutcome<ProposerSlashing, T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let wall_clock_state = self.wall_clock_state()?;

        Ok(self.observed_proposer_slashings.lock().verify_and_observe(
            proposer_slashing,
            &wall_clock_state,
            &self.spec,
        )?)
    }

    /// Accept some proposer slashing and queue it for inclusion in an appropriate block.
    pub fn import_proposer_slashing(
        &self,
        proposer_slashing: SigVerifiedOp<ProposerSlashing, T::EthSpec>,
    ) {
        if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
            if event_handler.has_proposer_slashing_subscribers() {
                event_handler.register(EventKind::ProposerSlashing(Box::new(
                    proposer_slashing.clone().into_inner(),
                )));
            }
        }

        self.op_pool.insert_proposer_slashing(proposer_slashing)
    }

    /// Verify an attester slashing before allowing it to propagate on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_attester_slashing_for_gossip(
        &self,
        attester_slashing: AttesterSlashing<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<ObservationOutcome<AttesterSlashing<T::EthSpec>, T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let wall_clock_state = self.wall_clock_state()?;

        Ok(self.observed_attester_slashings.lock().verify_and_observe(
            attester_slashing,
            &wall_clock_state,
            &self.spec,
        )?)
    }

    /// Accept a verified attester slashing and:
    ///
    /// 1. Apply it to fork choice.
    /// 2. Add it to the op pool.
    pub fn import_attester_slashing(
        &self,
        attester_slashing: SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashing<T::EthSpec>, T::EthSpec>,
    ) {
        // Add to fork choice.
        self.canonical_head
            .fork_choice_write_lock()
            .on_attester_slashing(attester_slashing.as_inner().to_ref());

        if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
            if event_handler.has_attester_slashing_subscribers() {
                event_handler.register(EventKind::AttesterSlashing(Box::new(
                    attester_slashing.clone().into_inner(),
                )));
            }
        }

        // Add to the op pool (if we have the ability to propose blocks).
        self.op_pool.insert_attester_slashing(attester_slashing)
    }

    /// Verify a signed BLS to execution change before allowing it to propagate on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_bls_to_execution_change_for_http_api(
        &self,
        bls_to_execution_change: SignedBlsToExecutionChange,
    ) -> Result<ObservationOutcome<SignedBlsToExecutionChange, T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        // Before checking the gossip duplicate filter, check that no prior change is already
        // in our op pool. Ignore these messages: do not gossip, do not try to override the pool.
        match self
            .op_pool
            .bls_to_execution_change_in_pool_equals(&bls_to_execution_change)
        {
            Some(true) => return Ok(ObservationOutcome::AlreadyKnown),
            Some(false) => return Err(Error::BlsToExecutionConflictsWithPool),
            None => (),
        }

        // Use the head state to save advancing to the wall-clock slot unnecessarily. The message is
        // signed with respect to the genesis fork version, and the slot check for gossip is applied
        // separately. This `Arc` clone of the head is nice and cheap.
        let head_snapshot = self.head().snapshot;
        let head_state = &head_snapshot.beacon_state;

        Ok(self
            .observed_bls_to_execution_changes
            .lock()
            .verify_and_observe(bls_to_execution_change, head_state, &self.spec)?)
    }

    /// Verify a signed BLS to execution change before allowing it to propagate on the gossip network.
    pub fn verify_bls_to_execution_change_for_gossip(
        &self,
        bls_to_execution_change: SignedBlsToExecutionChange,
    ) -> Result<ObservationOutcome<SignedBlsToExecutionChange, T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        // Ignore BLS to execution changes on gossip prior to Capella.
        if !self.current_slot_is_post_capella()? {
            return Err(Error::BlsToExecutionPriorToCapella);
        }
        self.verify_bls_to_execution_change_for_http_api(bls_to_execution_change)
            .or_else(|e| {
                // On gossip treat conflicts the same as duplicates [IGNORE].
                match e {
                    Error::BlsToExecutionConflictsWithPool => Ok(ObservationOutcome::AlreadyKnown),
                    e => Err(e),
                }
            })
    }

    /// Check if the current slot is greater than or equal to the Capella fork epoch.
    pub fn current_slot_is_post_capella(&self) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        let current_fork = self.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<T::EthSpec>(self.slot()?);
        Ok(current_fork.capella_enabled())
    }

    /// Import a BLS to execution change to the op pool.
    ///
    /// Return `true` if the change was added to the pool.
    pub fn import_bls_to_execution_change(
        &self,
        bls_to_execution_change: SigVerifiedOp<SignedBlsToExecutionChange, T::EthSpec>,
        received_pre_capella: ReceivedPreCapella,
    ) -> bool {
        if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
            if event_handler.has_bls_to_execution_change_subscribers() {
                event_handler.register(EventKind::BlsToExecutionChange(Box::new(
                    bls_to_execution_change.clone().into_inner(),
                )));
            }
        }

        self.op_pool
            .insert_bls_to_execution_change(bls_to_execution_change, received_pre_capella)
    }

    /// Attempt to obtain sync committee duties from the head.
    pub fn sync_committee_duties_from_head(
        &self,
        epoch: Epoch,
        validator_indices: &[u64],
    ) -> Result<Vec<Result<Option<SyncDuty>, BeaconStateError>>, Error> {
        self.with_head(move |head| {
            head.beacon_state
                .get_sync_committee_duties(epoch, validator_indices, &self.spec)
                .map_err(Error::SyncDutiesError)
        })
    }

    /// A convenience method for spawning a blocking task. It maps an `Option` and
    /// `tokio::JoinError` into a single `BeaconChainError`.
    pub(crate) async fn spawn_blocking_handle<F, R>(
        &self,
        task: F,
        name: &'static str,
    ) -> Result<R, Error>
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> R + Send + 'static,
        R: Send + 'static,
    {
        let handle = self
            .task_executor
            .spawn_blocking_handle(task, name)
            .ok_or(Error::RuntimeShutdown)?;

        handle.await.map_err(Error::TokioJoin)
    }

    /// Accepts a `chain_segment` and filters out any uninteresting blocks (e.g., pre-finalization
    /// or already-known).
    ///
    /// This method is potentially long-running and should not run on the core executor.
    pub fn filter_chain_segment(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        chain_segment: Vec<RpcBlock<T::EthSpec>>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<HashBlockTuple<T::EthSpec>>, Box<ChainSegmentResult>> {
        // This function will never import any blocks.
        let imported_blocks = vec![];
        let mut filtered_chain_segment = Vec::with_capacity(chain_segment.len());

        // Produce a list of the parent root and slot of the child of each block.
        //
        // E.g., `children[0] == (chain_segment[1].parent_root(), chain_segment[1].slot())`
        let children = chain_segment
            .iter()
            .skip(1)
            .map(|block| (block.parent_root(), block.slot()))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        for (i, block) in chain_segment.into_iter().enumerate() {
            // Ensure the block is the correct structure for the fork at `block.slot()`.
            if let Err(e) = block.as_block().fork_name(&self.spec) {
                return Err(Box::new(ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                    imported_blocks,
                    error: BlockError::InconsistentFork(e),
                }));
            }

            let block_root = block.block_root();

            if let Some((child_parent_root, child_slot)) = children.get(i) {
                // If this block has a child in this chain segment, ensure that its parent root matches
                // the root of this block.
                //
                // Without this check it would be possible to have a block verified using the
                // incorrect shuffling. That would be bad, mmkay.
                if block_root != *child_parent_root {
                    return Err(Box::new(ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                        imported_blocks,
                        error: BlockError::NonLinearParentRoots,
                    }));
                }

                // Ensure that the slots are strictly increasing throughout the chain segment.
                if *child_slot <= block.slot() {
                    return Err(Box::new(ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                        imported_blocks,
                        error: BlockError::NonLinearSlots,
                    }));
                }
            }

            match check_block_relevancy(block.as_block(), block_root, self) {
                // If the block is relevant, add it to the filtered chain segment.
                Ok(_) => filtered_chain_segment.push((block_root, block)),
                // If the block is already known, simply ignore this block.
                //
                // Note that `check_block_relevancy` is incapable of returning
                // `DuplicateImportStatusUnknown` so we don't need to handle that case here.
                Err(BlockError::DuplicateFullyImported(_)) => continue,
                // If the block is the genesis block, simply ignore this block.
                Err(BlockError::GenesisBlock) => continue,
                // If the block is is for a finalized slot, simply ignore this block.
                //
                // The block is either:
                //
                // 1. In the canonical finalized chain.
                // 2. In some non-canonical chain at a slot that has been finalized already.
                //
                // In the case of (1), there's no need to re-import and later blocks in this
                // segement might be useful.
                //
                // In the case of (2), skipping the block is valid since we should never import it.
                // However, we will potentially get a `ParentUnknown` on a later block. The sync
                // protocol will need to ensure this is handled gracefully.
                Err(BlockError::WouldRevertFinalizedSlot { .. }) => continue,
                // The block has a known parent that does not descend from the finalized block.
                // There is no need to process this block or any children.
                Err(BlockError::NotFinalizedDescendant { block_parent_root }) => {
                    return Err(Box::new(ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                        imported_blocks,
                        error: BlockError::NotFinalizedDescendant { block_parent_root },
                    }));
                }
                // If there was an error whilst determining if the block was invalid, return that
                // error.
                Err(BlockError::BeaconChainError(e)) => {
                    return Err(Box::new(ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                        imported_blocks,
                        error: BlockError::BeaconChainError(e),
                    }));
                }
                // If the block was decided to be irrelevant for any other reason, don't include
                // this block or any of it's children in the filtered chain segment.
                _ => break,
            }
        }

        Ok(filtered_chain_segment)
    }

    /// Attempt to verify and import a chain of blocks to `self`.
    ///
    /// The provided blocks _must_ each reference the previous block via `block.parent_root` (i.e.,
    /// be a chain). An error will be returned if this is not the case.
    ///
    /// This operation is not atomic; if one of the blocks in the chain is invalid then some prior
    /// blocks might be imported.
    ///
    /// This method is generally much more efficient than importing each block using
    /// `Self::process_block`.
    pub async fn process_chain_segment(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        chain_segment: Vec<RpcBlock<T::EthSpec>>,
        notify_execution_layer: NotifyExecutionLayer,
    ) -> ChainSegmentResult {
        for block in chain_segment.iter() {
            if let Err(error) = self.check_invalid_block_roots(block.block_root()) {
                return ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                    imported_blocks: vec![],
                    error,
                };
            }
        }

        let mut imported_blocks = vec![];

        // Filter uninteresting blocks from the chain segment in a blocking task.
        let chain = self.clone();
        let filtered_chain_segment_future = self.spawn_blocking_handle(
            move || chain.filter_chain_segment(chain_segment),
            "filter_chain_segment",
        );
        let mut filtered_chain_segment = match filtered_chain_segment_future.await {
            Ok(Ok(filtered_segment)) => filtered_segment,
            Ok(Err(segment_result)) => return *segment_result,
            Err(error) => {
                return ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                    imported_blocks,
                    error: BlockError::BeaconChainError(error.into()),
                }
            }
        };

        while let Some((_root, block)) = filtered_chain_segment.first() {
            // Determine the epoch of the first block in the remaining segment.
            let start_epoch = block.epoch();

            // The `last_index` indicates the position of the first block in an epoch greater
            // than the current epoch: partitioning the blocks into a run of blocks in the same
            // epoch and everything else. These same-epoch blocks can all be signature-verified with
            // the same `BeaconState`.
            let last_index = filtered_chain_segment
                .iter()
                .position(|(_root, block)| block.epoch() > start_epoch)
                .unwrap_or(filtered_chain_segment.len());

            let mut blocks = filtered_chain_segment.split_off(last_index);
            std::mem::swap(&mut blocks, &mut filtered_chain_segment);

            let chain = self.clone();
            let signature_verification_future = self.spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || signature_verify_chain_segment(blocks, &chain),
                "signature_verify_chain_segment",
            );

            // Verify the signature of the blocks, returning early if the signature is invalid.
            let signature_verified_blocks = match signature_verification_future.await {
                Ok(Ok(blocks)) => blocks,
                Ok(Err(error)) => {
                    return ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                        imported_blocks,
                        error,
                    };
                }
                Err(error) => {
                    return ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                        imported_blocks,
                        error: BlockError::BeaconChainError(error.into()),
                    };
                }
            };

            // Import the blocks into the chain.
            for signature_verified_block in signature_verified_blocks {
                let block_slot = signature_verified_block.slot();
                match self
                    .process_block(
                        signature_verified_block.block_root(),
                        signature_verified_block,
                        notify_execution_layer,
                        BlockImportSource::RangeSync,
                        || Ok(()),
                    )
                    .await
                {
                    Ok(status) => {
                        match status {
                            AvailabilityProcessingStatus::Imported(block_root) => {
                                // The block was imported successfully.
                                imported_blocks.push((block_root, block_slot));
                            }
                            AvailabilityProcessingStatus::MissingComponents(slot, block_root) => {
                                warn!(
                                    ?block_root,
                                    %slot,
                                    "Blobs missing in response to range request"
                                );
                                return ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                                    imported_blocks,
                                    error: BlockError::AvailabilityCheck(
                                        AvailabilityCheckError::MissingBlobs,
                                    ),
                                };
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Err(BlockError::DuplicateFullyImported(block_root)) => {
                        debug!(
                            ?block_root,
                            "Ignoring already known blocks while processing chain segment"
                        );
                        continue;
                    }
                    Err(error) => {
                        return ChainSegmentResult::Failed {
                            imported_blocks,
                            error,
                        };
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        ChainSegmentResult::Successful { imported_blocks }
    }

    /// Updates fork-choice node into a permanent `available` state so it can become a viable head.
    /// Only completed sampling results are received. Blocks are unavailable by default and should
    /// be pruned on finalization, on a timeout or by a max count.
    pub async fn process_sampling_completed(self: &Arc<Self>, block_root: Hash256) {
        // TODO(das): update fork-choice, act on sampling result, adjust log level
        // NOTE: It is possible that sampling complets before block is imported into fork choice,
        // in that case we may need to update availability cache.
        info!(%block_root, "Sampling completed");
    }

    /// Returns `Ok(GossipVerifiedBlock)` if the supplied `block` should be forwarded onto the
    /// gossip network. The block is not imported into the chain, it is just partially verified.
    ///
    /// The returned `GossipVerifiedBlock` should be provided to `Self::process_block` immediately
    /// after it is returned, unless some other circumstance decides it should not be imported at
    /// all.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an `Err` if the given block was invalid, or an error was encountered during
    pub async fn verify_block_for_gossip(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block: Arc<SignedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>>,
    ) -> Result<GossipVerifiedBlock<T>, BlockError> {
        let chain = self.clone();
        self.task_executor
            .clone()
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || {
                    let slot = block.slot();
                    let graffiti_string = block.message().body().graffiti().as_utf8_lossy();

                    match GossipVerifiedBlock::new(block, &chain) {
                        Ok(verified) => {
                            let commitments_formatted = verified.block.commitments_formatted();
                            debug!(
                                graffiti = graffiti_string,
                                %slot,
                                root = ?verified.block_root(),
                                commitments = commitments_formatted,
                                "Successfully verified gossip block"
                            );

                            Ok(verified)
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            debug!(
                                error = e.to_string(),
                                graffiti = graffiti_string,
                                %slot,
                                "Rejected gossip block"
                            );

                            Err(e)
                        }
                    }
                },
                "payload_verification_handle",
            )
            .ok_or(BeaconChainError::RuntimeShutdown)?
            .await
            .map_err(BeaconChainError::TokioJoin)?
    }

    /// Cache the blob in the processing cache, process it, then evict it from the cache if it was
    /// imported or errors.
    pub async fn process_gossip_blob(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        blob: GossipVerifiedBlob<T>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let block_root = blob.block_root();

        // If this block has already been imported to forkchoice it must have been available, so
        // we don't need to process its blobs again.
        if self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .contains_block(&block_root)
        {
            return Err(BlockError::DuplicateFullyImported(blob.block_root()));
        }

        // No need to process and import blobs beyond the PeerDAS epoch.
        if self.spec.is_peer_das_enabled_for_epoch(blob.epoch()) {
            return Err(BlockError::BlobNotRequired(blob.slot()));
        }

        self.emit_sse_blob_sidecar_events(&block_root, std::iter::once(blob.as_blob()));

        let r = self.check_gossip_blob_availability_and_import(blob).await;
        self.remove_notified(&block_root, r)
    }

    /// Cache the data columns in the processing cache, process it, then evict it from the cache if it was
    /// imported or errors.
    pub async fn process_gossip_data_columns(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        data_columns: Vec<GossipVerifiedDataColumn<T>>,
        publish_fn: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), BlockError>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let Ok((slot, block_root)) = data_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| (c.slot(), c.block_root()))
            .unique()
            .exactly_one()
        else {
            return Err(BlockError::InternalError(
                "Columns should be from the same block".to_string(),
            ));
        };

        // If this block has already been imported to forkchoice it must have been available, so
        // we don't need to process its samples again.
        if self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .contains_block(&block_root)
        {
            return Err(BlockError::DuplicateFullyImported(block_root));
        }

        self.emit_sse_data_column_sidecar_events(
            &block_root,
            data_columns.iter().map(|column| column.as_data_column()),
        );

        let r = self
            .check_gossip_data_columns_availability_and_import(
                slot,
                block_root,
                data_columns,
                publish_fn,
            )
            .await;
        self.remove_notified(&block_root, r)
    }

    /// Cache the blobs in the processing cache, process it, then evict it from the cache if it was
    /// imported or errors.
    pub async fn process_rpc_blobs(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
        block_root: Hash256,
        blobs: FixedBlobSidecarList<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        // If this block has already been imported to forkchoice it must have been available, so
        // we don't need to process its blobs again.
        if self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .contains_block(&block_root)
        {
            return Err(BlockError::DuplicateFullyImported(block_root));
        }

        // Reject RPC blobs referencing unknown parents. Otherwise we allow potentially invalid data
        // into the da_checker, where invalid = descendant of invalid blocks.
        // Note: blobs should have at least one item and all items have the same parent root.
        if let Some(parent_root) = blobs
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|b| b.as_ref().map(|b| b.block_parent_root()))
            .next()
        {
            if !self
                .canonical_head
                .fork_choice_read_lock()
                .contains_block(&parent_root)
            {
                return Err(BlockError::ParentUnknown { parent_root });
            }
        }

        self.emit_sse_blob_sidecar_events(&block_root, blobs.iter().flatten().map(Arc::as_ref));

        let r = self
            .check_rpc_blob_availability_and_import(slot, block_root, blobs)
            .await;
        self.remove_notified(&block_root, r)
    }

    /// Process blobs retrieved from the EL and returns the `AvailabilityProcessingStatus`.
    pub async fn process_engine_blobs(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
        block_root: Hash256,
        engine_get_blobs_output: EngineGetBlobsOutput<T>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        // If this block has already been imported to forkchoice it must have been available, so
        // we don't need to process its blobs again.
        if self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .contains_block(&block_root)
        {
            return Err(BlockError::DuplicateFullyImported(block_root));
        }

        match &engine_get_blobs_output {
            EngineGetBlobsOutput::Blobs(blobs) => {
                self.emit_sse_blob_sidecar_events(&block_root, blobs.iter().map(|b| b.as_blob()));
            }
            EngineGetBlobsOutput::CustodyColumns(columns) => {
                self.emit_sse_data_column_sidecar_events(
                    &block_root,
                    columns.iter().map(|column| column.as_data_column()),
                );
            }
        }

        let r = self
            .check_engine_blobs_availability_and_import(slot, block_root, engine_get_blobs_output)
            .await;
        self.remove_notified(&block_root, r)
    }

    fn emit_sse_blob_sidecar_events<'a, I>(self: &Arc<Self>, block_root: &Hash256, blobs_iter: I)
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = &'a BlobSidecar<T::EthSpec>>,
    {
        if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
            if event_handler.has_blob_sidecar_subscribers() {
                let imported_blobs = self
                    .data_availability_checker
                    .cached_blob_indexes(block_root)
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                let new_blobs = blobs_iter.filter(|b| !imported_blobs.contains(&b.index));

                for blob in new_blobs {
                    event_handler.register(EventKind::BlobSidecar(
                        SseBlobSidecar::from_blob_sidecar(blob),
                    ));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn emit_sse_data_column_sidecar_events<'a, I>(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_root: &Hash256,
        data_columns_iter: I,
    ) where
        I: Iterator<Item = &'a DataColumnSidecar<T::EthSpec>>,
    {
        if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
            if event_handler.has_data_column_sidecar_subscribers() {
                let imported_data_columns = self
                    .data_availability_checker
                    .cached_data_column_indexes(block_root)
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                let new_data_columns =
                    data_columns_iter.filter(|b| !imported_data_columns.contains(&b.index));

                for data_column in new_data_columns {
                    event_handler.register(EventKind::DataColumnSidecar(
                        SseDataColumnSidecar::from_data_column_sidecar(data_column),
                    ));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Cache the columns in the processing cache, process it, then evict it from the cache if it was
    /// imported or errors.
    pub async fn process_rpc_custody_columns(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        custody_columns: DataColumnSidecarList<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let Ok((slot, block_root)) = custody_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| (c.slot(), c.block_root()))
            .unique()
            .exactly_one()
        else {
            return Err(BlockError::InternalError(
                "Columns should be from the same block".to_string(),
            ));
        };

        // If this block has already been imported to forkchoice it must have been available, so
        // we don't need to process its columns again.
        if self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .contains_block(&block_root)
        {
            return Err(BlockError::DuplicateFullyImported(block_root));
        }

        // Reject RPC columns referencing unknown parents. Otherwise we allow potentially invalid data
        // into the da_checker, where invalid = descendant of invalid blocks.
        // Note: custody_columns should have at least one item and all items have the same parent root.
        if let Some(parent_root) = custody_columns.iter().map(|c| c.block_parent_root()).next() {
            if !self
                .canonical_head
                .fork_choice_read_lock()
                .contains_block(&parent_root)
            {
                return Err(BlockError::ParentUnknown { parent_root });
            }
        }

        self.emit_sse_data_column_sidecar_events(
            &block_root,
            custody_columns.iter().map(|column| column.as_ref()),
        );

        let r = self
            .check_rpc_custody_columns_availability_and_import(slot, block_root, custody_columns)
            .await;
        self.remove_notified(&block_root, r)
    }

    pub async fn reconstruct_data_columns(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_root: Hash256,
    ) -> Result<
        Option<(
            AvailabilityProcessingStatus,
            DataColumnSidecarList<T::EthSpec>,
        )>,
        BlockError,
    > {
        // As of now we only reconstruct data columns on supernodes, so if the block is already
        // available on a supernode, there's no need to reconstruct as the node must already have
        // all columns.
        if self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .contains_block(&block_root)
        {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let data_availability_checker = self.data_availability_checker.clone();

        let result = self
            .task_executor
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || data_availability_checker.reconstruct_data_columns(&block_root),
                "reconstruct_data_columns",
            )
            .ok_or(BeaconChainError::RuntimeShutdown)?
            .await
            .map_err(BeaconChainError::TokioJoin)??;

        match result {
            DataColumnReconstructionResult::Success((availability, data_columns_to_publish)) => {
                let Some(slot) = data_columns_to_publish.first().map(|d| d.slot()) else {
                    // This should be unreachable because empty result would return `RecoveredColumnsNotImported` instead of success.
                    return Ok(None);
                };

                let r = self
                    .process_availability(slot, availability, || Ok(()))
                    .await;
                self.remove_notified(&block_root, r)
                    .map(|availability_processing_status| {
                        Some((availability_processing_status, data_columns_to_publish))
                    })
            }
            DataColumnReconstructionResult::NotStarted(reason)
            | DataColumnReconstructionResult::RecoveredColumnsNotImported(reason) => {
                // We use metric here because logging this would be *very* noisy.
                metrics::inc_counter_vec(
                    &metrics::KZG_DATA_COLUMN_RECONSTRUCTION_INCOMPLETE_TOTAL,
                    &[reason],
                );
                Ok(None)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Remove any block components from the *processing cache* if we no longer require them. If the
    /// block was imported full or erred, we no longer require them.
    fn remove_notified(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
        r: Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let has_missing_components =
            matches!(r, Ok(AvailabilityProcessingStatus::MissingComponents(_, _)));
        if !has_missing_components {
            self.reqresp_pre_import_cache.write().remove(block_root);
        }
        r
    }

    /// Wraps `process_block` in logic to cache the block's commitments in the processing cache
    /// and evict if the block was imported or errored.
    pub async fn process_block_with_early_caching<B: IntoExecutionPendingBlock<T>>(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_root: Hash256,
        unverified_block: B,
        block_source: BlockImportSource,
        notify_execution_layer: NotifyExecutionLayer,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        self.reqresp_pre_import_cache
            .write()
            .insert(block_root, unverified_block.block_cloned());

        let r = self
            .process_block(
                block_root,
                unverified_block,
                notify_execution_layer,
                block_source,
                || Ok(()),
            )
            .await;
        self.remove_notified(&block_root, r)
    }

    /// Check for known and configured invalid block roots before processing.
    pub fn check_invalid_block_roots(&self, block_root: Hash256) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
        if self.config.invalid_block_roots.contains(&block_root) {
            Err(BlockError::KnownInvalidExecutionPayload(block_root))
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Returns `Ok(block_root)` if the given `unverified_block` was successfully verified and
    /// imported into the chain.
    ///
    /// Items that implement `IntoExecutionPendingBlock` include:
    ///
    /// - `SignedBeaconBlock`
    /// - `GossipVerifiedBlock`
    /// - `RpcBlock`
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an `Err` if the given block was invalid, or an error was encountered during
    /// verification.
    pub async fn process_block<B: IntoExecutionPendingBlock<T>>(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_root: Hash256,
        unverified_block: B,
        notify_execution_layer: NotifyExecutionLayer,
        block_source: BlockImportSource,
        publish_fn: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), BlockError>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        // Start the Prometheus timer.
        let _full_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_TIMES);

        // Increment the Prometheus counter for block processing requests.
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_REQUESTS);

        let block_slot = unverified_block.block().slot();

        // Set observed time if not already set. Usually this should be set by gossip or RPC,
        // but just in case we set it again here (useful for tests).
        if let Some(seen_timestamp) = self.slot_clock.now_duration() {
            self.block_times_cache.write().set_time_observed(
                block_root,
                block_slot,
                seen_timestamp,
                None,
                None,
            );
        }

        // A small closure to group the verification and import errors.
        let chain = self.clone();
        let import_block = async move {
            let execution_pending = unverified_block.into_execution_pending_block(
                block_root,
                &chain,
                notify_execution_layer,
            )?;
            publish_fn()?;

            // Record the time it took to complete consensus verification.
            if let Some(timestamp) = self.slot_clock.now_duration() {
                self.block_times_cache
                    .write()
                    .set_time_consensus_verified(block_root, block_slot, timestamp)
            }

            let executed_block = chain.into_executed_block(execution_pending).await?;

            // Record the *additional* time it took to wait for execution layer verification.
            if let Some(timestamp) = self.slot_clock.now_duration() {
                self.block_times_cache
                    .write()
                    .set_time_executed(block_root, block_slot, timestamp)
            }

            match executed_block {
                ExecutedBlock::Available(block) => {
                    self.import_available_block(Box::new(block)).await
                }
                ExecutedBlock::AvailabilityPending(block) => {
                    self.check_block_availability_and_import(block).await
                }
            }
        };

        // Verify and import the block.
        match import_block.await {
            // The block was successfully verified and imported. Yay.
            Ok(status @ AvailabilityProcessingStatus::Imported(block_root)) => {
                debug!(
                    ?block_root,
                    %block_slot,
                    source = %block_source,
                    "Beacon block imported"
                );

                // Increment the Prometheus counter for block processing successes.
                metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);

                Ok(status)
            }
            Ok(status @ AvailabilityProcessingStatus::MissingComponents(slot, block_root)) => {
                debug!(?block_root, %slot, "Beacon block awaiting blobs");

                Ok(status)
            }
            Err(BlockError::BeaconChainError(e)) => {
                match e.as_ref() {
                    BeaconChainError::TokioJoin(e) => {
                        debug!(
                            error = ?e,
                            "Beacon block processing cancelled"
                        );
                    }
                    _ => {
                        // There was an error whilst attempting to verify and import the block. The block might
                        // be partially verified or partially imported.
                        crit!(
                            error = ?e,
                            "Beacon block processing error"
                        );
                    }
                };
                Err(BlockError::BeaconChainError(e))
            }
            // The block failed verification.
            Err(other) => {
                debug!(reason = other.to_string(), "Beacon block rejected");
                Err(other)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Accepts a fully-verified block and awaits on its payload verification handle to
    /// get a fully `ExecutedBlock`.
    ///
    /// An error is returned if the verification handle couldn't be awaited.
    pub async fn into_executed_block(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        execution_pending_block: ExecutionPendingBlock<T>,
    ) -> Result<ExecutedBlock<T::EthSpec>, BlockError> {
        let ExecutionPendingBlock {
            block,
            import_data,
            payload_verification_handle,
        } = execution_pending_block;

        let payload_verification_outcome = payload_verification_handle
            .await
            .map_err(BeaconChainError::TokioJoin)?
            .ok_or(BeaconChainError::RuntimeShutdown)??;

        // Log the PoS pandas if a merge transition just occurred.
        if payload_verification_outcome.is_valid_merge_transition_block {
            info!("{}", POS_PANDA_BANNER);
            info!(slot = %block.slot(), "Proof of Stake Activated");
            info!(
                terminal_pow_block_hash = ?block
                .message()
                .execution_payload()?
                .parent_hash()
                .into_root(),
            );
            info!(
                merge_transition_block_root = ?block.message().tree_hash_root(),
            );
            info!(
                merge_transition_execution_hash = ?block
                .message()
                .execution_payload()?
                .block_hash()
                .into_root(),
            );
        }
        Ok(ExecutedBlock::new(
            block,
            import_data,
            payload_verification_outcome,
        ))
    }

    /* Import methods */

    /// Checks if the block is available, and imports immediately if so, otherwise caches the block
    /// in the data availability checker.
    async fn check_block_availability_and_import(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block: AvailabilityPendingExecutedBlock<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let slot = block.block.slot();
        let availability = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .put_pending_executed_block(block)?;
        self.process_availability(slot, availability, || Ok(()))
            .await
    }

    /// Checks if the provided blob can make any cached blocks available, and imports immediately
    /// if so, otherwise caches the blob in the data availability checker.
    async fn check_gossip_blob_availability_and_import(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        blob: GossipVerifiedBlob<T>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let slot = blob.slot();
        if let Some(slasher) = self.slasher.as_ref() {
            slasher.accept_block_header(blob.signed_block_header());
        }
        let availability = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .put_gossip_verified_blobs(blob.block_root(), std::iter::once(blob))?;

        self.process_availability(slot, availability, || Ok(()))
            .await
    }

    /// Checks if the provided data column can make any cached blocks available, and imports immediately
    /// if so, otherwise caches the data column in the data availability checker.
    async fn check_gossip_data_columns_availability_and_import(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
        block_root: Hash256,
        data_columns: Vec<GossipVerifiedDataColumn<T>>,
        publish_fn: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), BlockError>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        if let Some(slasher) = self.slasher.as_ref() {
            for data_colum in &data_columns {
                slasher.accept_block_header(data_colum.signed_block_header());
            }
        }

        let availability = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .put_gossip_verified_data_columns(block_root, data_columns)?;

        self.process_availability(slot, availability, publish_fn)
            .await
    }

    fn check_blobs_for_slashability<'a>(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_root: Hash256,
        blobs: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a BlobSidecar<T::EthSpec>>,
    ) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
        let mut slashable_cache = self.observed_slashable.write();
        for header in blobs
            .into_iter()
            .map(|b| b.signed_block_header.clone())
            .unique()
        {
            if verify_header_signature::<T, BlockError>(self, &header).is_ok() {
                slashable_cache
                    .observe_slashable(
                        header.message.slot,
                        header.message.proposer_index,
                        block_root,
                    )
                    .map_err(|e| BlockError::BeaconChainError(Box::new(e.into())))?;
                if let Some(slasher) = self.slasher.as_ref() {
                    slasher.accept_block_header(header);
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Checks if the provided blobs can make any cached blocks available, and imports immediately
    /// if so, otherwise caches the blob in the data availability checker.
    async fn check_rpc_blob_availability_and_import(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
        block_root: Hash256,
        blobs: FixedBlobSidecarList<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        self.check_blobs_for_slashability(block_root, blobs.iter().flatten().map(Arc::as_ref))?;
        let availability = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .put_rpc_blobs(block_root, blobs)?;

        self.process_availability(slot, availability, || Ok(()))
            .await
    }

    async fn check_engine_blobs_availability_and_import(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
        block_root: Hash256,
        engine_get_blobs_output: EngineGetBlobsOutput<T>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let availability = match engine_get_blobs_output {
            EngineGetBlobsOutput::Blobs(blobs) => {
                self.check_blobs_for_slashability(block_root, blobs.iter().map(|b| b.as_blob()))?;
                self.data_availability_checker
                    .put_gossip_verified_blobs(block_root, blobs)?
            }
            EngineGetBlobsOutput::CustodyColumns(data_columns) => {
                self.check_columns_for_slashability(
                    block_root,
                    data_columns.iter().map(|c| c.as_data_column()),
                )?;
                self.data_availability_checker
                    .put_kzg_verified_custody_data_columns(block_root, data_columns)?
            }
        };

        self.process_availability(slot, availability, || Ok(()))
            .await
    }

    /// Checks if the provided columns can make any cached blocks available, and imports immediately
    /// if so, otherwise caches the columns in the data availability checker.
    async fn check_rpc_custody_columns_availability_and_import(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
        block_root: Hash256,
        custody_columns: DataColumnSidecarList<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        self.check_columns_for_slashability(
            block_root,
            custody_columns.iter().map(|c| c.as_ref()),
        )?;

        // This slot value is purely informative for the consumers of
        // `AvailabilityProcessingStatus::MissingComponents` to log an error with a slot.
        let availability = self
            .data_availability_checker
            .put_rpc_custody_columns(block_root, custody_columns)?;

        self.process_availability(slot, availability, || Ok(()))
            .await
    }

    fn check_columns_for_slashability<'a>(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block_root: Hash256,
        custody_columns: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a DataColumnSidecar<T::EthSpec>>,
    ) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
        let mut slashable_cache = self.observed_slashable.write();
        // Process all unique block headers - previous logic assumed all headers were identical and
        // only processed the first one. However, we should not make assumptions about data received
        // from RPC.
        for header in custody_columns
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| c.signed_block_header.clone())
            .unique()
        {
            if verify_header_signature::<T, BlockError>(self, &header).is_ok() {
                slashable_cache
                    .observe_slashable(
                        header.message.slot,
                        header.message.proposer_index,
                        block_root,
                    )
                    .map_err(|e| BlockError::BeaconChainError(Box::new(e.into())))?;
                if let Some(slasher) = self.slasher.as_ref() {
                    slasher.accept_block_header(header);
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Imports a fully available block. Otherwise, returns `AvailabilityProcessingStatus::MissingComponents`
    ///
    /// An error is returned if the block was unable to be imported. It may be partially imported
    /// (i.e., this function is not atomic).
    async fn process_availability(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
        availability: Availability<T::EthSpec>,
        publish_fn: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), BlockError>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        match availability {
            Availability::Available(block) => {
                publish_fn()?;
                // Block is fully available, import into fork choice
                self.import_available_block(block).await
            }
            Availability::MissingComponents(block_root) => Ok(
                AvailabilityProcessingStatus::MissingComponents(slot, block_root),
            ),
        }
    }

    pub async fn import_available_block(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        block: Box<AvailableExecutedBlock<T::EthSpec>>,
    ) -> Result<AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BlockError> {
        let AvailableExecutedBlock {
            block,
            import_data,
            payload_verification_outcome,
        } = *block;

        let BlockImportData {
            block_root,
            state,
            parent_block,
            consensus_context,
        } = import_data;

        // Record the time at which this block's blobs became available.
        if let Some(blobs_available) = block.blobs_available_timestamp() {
            self.block_times_cache.write().set_time_blob_observed(
                block_root,
                block.slot(),
                blobs_available,
            );
        }

        // TODO(das) record custody column available timestamp

        // import
        let chain = self.clone();
        let block_root = self
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || {
                    chain.import_block(
                        block,
                        block_root,
                        state,
                        payload_verification_outcome.payload_verification_status,
                        parent_block,
                        consensus_context,
                    )
                },
                "payload_verification_handle",
            )
            .await??;

        // Remove block components from da_checker AFTER completing block import. Then we can assert
        // the following invariant:
        // > A valid unfinalized block is either in fork-choice or da_checker.
        //
        // If we remove the block when it becomes available, there's some time window during
        // `import_block` where the block is nowhere. Consumers of the da_checker can handle the
        // extend time a block may exist in the da_checker.
        //
        // If `import_block` errors (only errors with internal errors), the pending components will
        // be pruned on data_availability_checker maintenance as finality advances.
        self.data_availability_checker
            .remove_pending_components(block_root);

        Ok(AvailabilityProcessingStatus::Imported(block_root))
    }

    /// Accepts a fully-verified and available block and imports it into the chain without performing any
    /// additional verification.
    ///
    /// An error is returned if the block was unable to be imported. It may be partially imported
    /// (i.e., this function is not atomic).
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn import_block(
        &self,
        signed_block: AvailableBlock<T::EthSpec>,
        block_root: Hash256,
        mut state: BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
        payload_verification_status: PayloadVerificationStatus,
        parent_block: SignedBlindedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>,
        mut consensus_context: ConsensusContext<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<Hash256, BlockError> {
        // ----------------------------- BLOCK NOT YET ATTESTABLE ----------------------------------
        // Everything in this initial section is on the hot path between processing the block and
        // being able to attest to it. DO NOT add any extra processing in this initial section
        // unless it must run before fork choice.
        // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        let current_slot = self.slot()?;
        let current_epoch = current_slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        let block = signed_block.message();
        let post_exec_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_POST_EXEC_PROCESSING);

        // Check against weak subjectivity checkpoint.
        self.check_block_against_weak_subjectivity_checkpoint(block, block_root, &state)?;

        // If there are new validators in this block, update our pubkey cache.
        //
        // The only keys imported here will be ones for validators deposited in this block, because
        // the cache *must* already have been updated for the parent block when it was imported.
        // Newly deposited validators are not active and their keys are not required by other parts
        // of block processing. The reason we do this here and not after making the block attestable
        // is so we don't have to think about lock ordering with respect to the fork choice lock.
        // There are a bunch of places where we lock both fork choice and the pubkey cache and it
        // would be difficult to check that they all lock fork choice first.
        let mut ops = {
            let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_PUBKEY_CACHE_LOCK);
            let pubkey_cache = self.validator_pubkey_cache.upgradable_read();

            // Only take a write lock if there are new keys to import.
            if state.validators().len() > pubkey_cache.len() {
                parking_lot::RwLockUpgradableReadGuard::upgrade(pubkey_cache)
                    .import_new_pubkeys(&state)?
            } else {
                vec![]
            }
        };

        // Apply the state to the attester cache, only if it is from the previous epoch or later.
        //
        // In a perfect scenario there should be no need to add previous-epoch states to the cache.
        // However, latency between the VC and the BN might cause the VC to produce attestations at
        // a previous slot.
        if state.current_epoch().saturating_add(1_u64) >= current_epoch {
            self.attester_cache
                .maybe_cache_state(&state, block_root, &self.spec)
                .map_err(BeaconChainError::from)?;
        }

        // Take an exclusive write-lock on fork choice. It's very important to prevent deadlocks by
        // avoiding taking other locks whilst holding this lock.
        let mut fork_choice = self.canonical_head.fork_choice_write_lock();

        // Do not import a block that doesn't descend from the finalized root.
        let signed_block =
            check_block_is_finalized_checkpoint_or_descendant(self, &fork_choice, signed_block)?;
        let block = signed_block.message();

        // Register the new block with the fork choice service.
        {
            let block_delay = self
                .slot_clock
                .seconds_from_current_slot_start()
                .ok_or(Error::UnableToComputeTimeAtSlot)?;

            fork_choice
                .on_block(
                    current_slot,
                    block,
                    block_root,
                    block_delay,
                    &state,
                    payload_verification_status,
                    &self.spec,
                )
                .map_err(|e| BlockError::BeaconChainError(Box::new(e.into())))?;
        }

        // Register optimistic blocks for proof validation in stateless validation mode
        if payload_verification_status.is_optimistic() {
            if let Ok(execution_payload) = block.execution_payload() {
                let execution_block_hash = execution_payload.block_hash().into();
                self.register_optimistic_block_for_proof(block_root, execution_block_hash);
            }
        }

        // If the block is recent enough and it was not optimistically imported, check to see if it
        // becomes the head block. If so, apply it to the early attester cache. This will allow
        // attestations to the block without waiting for the block and state to be inserted to the
        // database.
        //
        // Only performing this check on recent blocks avoids slowing down sync with lots of calls
        // to fork choice `get_head`.
        //
        // Optimistically imported blocks are not added to the cache since the cache is only useful
        // for a small window of time and the complexity of keeping track of the optimistic status
        // is not worth it.
        if !payload_verification_status.is_optimistic()
            && block.slot() + EARLY_ATTESTER_CACHE_HISTORIC_SLOTS >= current_slot
        {
            let fork_choice_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_FORK_CHOICE);
            match fork_choice.get_head(current_slot, &self.spec) {
                // This block became the head, add it to the early attester cache.
                Ok(new_head_root) if new_head_root == block_root => {
                    if let Some(proto_block) = fork_choice.get_block(&block_root) {
                        if let Err(e) = self.early_attester_cache.add_head_block(
                            block_root,
                            &signed_block,
                            proto_block,
                            &state,
                            &self.spec,
                        ) {
                            warn!(
                                error = ?e,
                                "Early attester cache insert failed"
                            );
                        } else {
                            let attestable_timestamp =
                                self.slot_clock.now_duration().unwrap_or_default();
                            self.block_times_cache.write().set_time_attestable(
                                block_root,
                                signed_block.slot(),
                                attestable_timestamp,
                            )
                        }
                    } else {
                        warn!(?block_root, "Early attester block missing");
                    }
                }
                // This block did not become the head, nothing to do.
                Ok(_) => (),
                Err(e) => error!(
                    error = ?e,
                    "Failed to compute head during block import"
                ),
            }
            drop(fork_choice_timer);
        }
        drop(post_exec_timer);

        // ---------------------------- BLOCK PROBABLY ATTESTABLE ----------------------------------
        // Most blocks are now capable of being attested to thanks to the `early_attester_cache`
        // cache above. Resume non-essential processing.
        //
        // It is important NOT to return errors here before the database commit, because the block
        // has already been added to fork choice and the database would be left in an inconsistent
        // state if we returned early without committing. In other words, an error here would
        // corrupt the node's database permanently.
        // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        self.import_block_update_shuffling_cache(block_root, &mut state);
        self.import_block_observe_attestations(
            block,
            &state,
            &mut consensus_context,
            current_epoch,
        );
        self.import_block_update_validator_monitor(
            block,
            &state,
            &mut consensus_context,
            current_slot,
            parent_block.slot(),
        );
        self.import_block_update_slasher(block, &state, &mut consensus_context);

        // Store the block and its state, and execute the confirmation batch for the intermediate
        // states, which will delete their temporary flags.
        // If the write fails, revert fork choice to the version from disk, else we can
        // end up with blocks in fork choice that are missing from disk.
        // See https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/issues/2028
        let (_, signed_block, block_data) = signed_block.deconstruct();

        match self.get_blobs_or_columns_store_op(block_root, block_data) {
            Ok(Some(blobs_or_columns_store_op)) => {
                ops.push(blobs_or_columns_store_op);
            }
            Ok(None) => {}
            Err(e) => {
                error!(
                    msg = "Restoring fork choice from disk",
                    error = &e,
                    ?block_root,
                    "Failed to store data columns into the database"
                );
                return Err(self
                    .handle_import_block_db_write_error(fork_choice)
                    .err()
                    .unwrap_or(BlockError::InternalError(e)));
            }
        }

        let block = signed_block.message();
        let db_write_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_DB_WRITE);
        ops.push(StoreOp::PutBlock(block_root, signed_block.clone()));
        ops.push(StoreOp::PutState(block.state_root(), &state));

        if let Err(e) = self.store.do_atomically_with_block_and_blobs_cache(ops) {
            error!(
                msg = "Restoring fork choice from disk",
                error = ?e,
                "Database write failed!"
            );
            return Err(self
                .handle_import_block_db_write_error(fork_choice)
                .err()
                .unwrap_or(e.into()));
        }

        // The fork choice write-lock is dropped *after* the on-disk database has been updated.
        // This prevents inconsistency between the two at the expense of concurrency.
        drop(fork_choice);

        // We're declaring the block "imported" at this point, since fork choice and the DB know
        // about it.
        let block_time_imported = timestamp_now();

        // compute state proofs for light client updates before inserting the state into the
        // snapshot cache.
        if self.config.enable_light_client_server {
            self.light_client_server_cache
                .cache_state_data(
                    &self.spec, block, block_root,
                    // mutable reference on the state is needed to compute merkle proofs
                    &mut state,
                )
                .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    debug!("error caching light_client data {:?}", e);
                });
        }

        metrics::stop_timer(db_write_timer);

        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);

        // Inform the unknown block cache, in case it was waiting on this block.
        self.pre_finalization_block_cache
            .block_processed(block_root);

        self.import_block_update_metrics_and_events(
            block,
            block_root,
            block_time_imported,
            payload_verification_status,
            current_slot,
        );

        Ok(block_root)
    }

    fn handle_import_block_db_write_error(
        &self,
        // We don't actually need this value, however it's always present when we call this function
        // and it needs to be dropped to prevent a dead-lock. Requiring it to be passed here is
        // defensive programming.
        fork_choice_write_lock: RwLockWriteGuard<BeaconForkChoice<T>>,
    ) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
        // Clear the early attester cache to prevent attestations which we would later be unable
        // to verify due to the failure.
        self.early_attester_cache.clear();

        // Since the write failed, try to revert the canonical head back to what was stored
        // in the database. This attempts to prevent inconsistency between the database and
        // fork choice.
        if let Err(e) = self.canonical_head.restore_from_store(
            fork_choice_write_lock,
            ResetPayloadStatuses::always_reset_conditionally(
                self.config.always_reset_payload_statuses,
            ),
            &self.store,
            &self.spec,
        ) {
            crit!(
                error = ?e,
                warning = "The database is likely corrupt now, consider --purge-db",
                "No stored fork choice found to restore from"
            );
            Err(BlockError::BeaconChainError(Box::new(e)))
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Check block's consistentency with any configured weak subjectivity checkpoint.
    fn check_block_against_weak_subjectivity_checkpoint(
        &self,
        block: BeaconBlockRef<T::EthSpec>,
        block_root: Hash256,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
        // Only perform the weak subjectivity check if it was configured.
        let Some(wss_checkpoint) = self.config.weak_subjectivity_checkpoint else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        // Note: we're using the finalized checkpoint from the head state, rather than fork
        // choice.
        //
        // We are doing this to ensure that we detect changes in finalization. It's possible
        // that fork choice has already been updated to the finalized checkpoint in the block
        // we're importing.
        let current_head_finalized_checkpoint =
            self.canonical_head.cached_head().finalized_checkpoint();
        // Compare the existing finalized checkpoint with the incoming block's finalized checkpoint.
        let new_finalized_checkpoint = state.finalized_checkpoint();

        // This ensures we only perform the check once.
        if current_head_finalized_checkpoint.epoch < wss_checkpoint.epoch
            && wss_checkpoint.epoch <= new_finalized_checkpoint.epoch
        {
            if let Err(e) =
                self.verify_weak_subjectivity_checkpoint(wss_checkpoint, block_root, state)
            {
                let mut shutdown_sender = self.shutdown_sender();
                crit!(
                    ?block_root,
                    parent_root = ?block.parent_root(),
                    old_finalized_epoch = ?current_head_finalized_checkpoint.epoch,
                    new_finalized_epoch = ?new_finalized_checkpoint.epoch,
                    weak_subjectivity_epoch = ?wss_checkpoint.epoch,
                    error = ?e,
                    "Weak subjectivity checkpoint verification failed while importing block!"
                );
                crit!(
                    "You must use the `--purge-db` flag to clear the database and restart sync. \
                         You may be on a hostile network."
                );
                shutdown_sender
                    .try_send(ShutdownReason::Failure(
                        "Weak subjectivity checkpoint verification failed. \
                             Provided block root is not a checkpoint.",
                    ))
                    .map_err(|err| {
                        BlockError::BeaconChainError(Box::new(
                            BeaconChainError::WeakSubjectivtyShutdownError(err),
                        ))
                    })?;
                return Err(BlockError::WeakSubjectivityConflict);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Process a block for the validator monitor, including all its constituent messages.
    fn import_block_update_validator_monitor(
        &self,
        block: BeaconBlockRef<T::EthSpec>,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
        ctxt: &mut ConsensusContext<T::EthSpec>,
        current_slot: Slot,
        parent_block_slot: Slot,
    ) {
        // Only register blocks with the validator monitor when the block is sufficiently close to
        // the current slot.
        if VALIDATOR_MONITOR_HISTORIC_EPOCHS as u64 * T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()
            + block.slot().as_u64()
            < current_slot.as_u64()
        {
            return;
        }

        // Allow the validator monitor to learn about a new valid state.
        self.validator_monitor.write().process_valid_state(
            current_slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()),
            state,
            &self.spec,
        );

        let validator_monitor = self.validator_monitor.read();

        // Sync aggregate.
        if let Ok(sync_aggregate) = block.body().sync_aggregate() {
            // `SyncCommittee` for the sync_aggregate should correspond to the duty slot
            let duty_epoch = block.epoch();

            match self.sync_committee_at_epoch(duty_epoch) {
                Ok(sync_committee) => {
                    let participant_pubkeys = sync_committee
                        .pubkeys
                        .iter()
                        .zip(sync_aggregate.sync_committee_bits.iter())
                        .filter_map(|(pubkey, bit)| bit.then_some(pubkey))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();

                    validator_monitor.register_sync_aggregate_in_block(
                        block.slot(),
                        block.parent_root(),
                        participant_pubkeys,
                    );
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    warn!(
                        epoch = %duty_epoch,
                        purpose = "validator monitor",
                        error = ?e,
                        "Unable to fetch sync committee"
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        // Attestations.
        for attestation in block.body().attestations() {
            let indexed_attestation = match ctxt.get_indexed_attestation(state, attestation) {
                Ok(indexed) => indexed,
                Err(e) => {
                    debug!(
                        purpose = "validator monitor",
                        attestation_slot = %attestation.data().slot,
                        error = ?e,
                        "Failed to get indexed attestation"
                    );
                    continue;
                }
            };
            validator_monitor.register_attestation_in_block(
                indexed_attestation,
                parent_block_slot,
                &self.spec,
            );
        }

        for exit in block.body().voluntary_exits() {
            validator_monitor.register_block_voluntary_exit(&exit.message)
        }

        for slashing in block.body().attester_slashings() {
            validator_monitor.register_block_attester_slashing(slashing)
        }

        for slashing in block.body().proposer_slashings() {
            validator_monitor.register_block_proposer_slashing(slashing)
        }
    }

    /// Iterate through the attestations in the block and register them as "observed".
    ///
    /// This will stop us from propagating them on the gossip network.
    fn import_block_observe_attestations(
        &self,
        block: BeaconBlockRef<T::EthSpec>,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
        ctxt: &mut ConsensusContext<T::EthSpec>,
        current_epoch: Epoch,
    ) {
        // To avoid slowing down sync, only observe attestations if the block is from the
        // previous epoch or later.
        if state.current_epoch() + 1 < current_epoch {
            return;
        }

        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_ATTESTATION_OBSERVATION);

        for a in block.body().attestations() {
            match self.observed_attestations.write().observe_item(a, None) {
                // If the observation was successful or if the slot for the attestation was too
                // low, continue.
                //
                // We ignore `SlotTooLow` since this will be very common whilst syncing.
                Ok(_) | Err(AttestationObservationError::SlotTooLow { .. }) => {}
                Err(e) => {
                    debug!(
                        error = ?e,
                        epoch = %a.data().target.epoch,
                        "Failed to register observed attestation"
                    );
                }
            }

            let indexed_attestation = match ctxt.get_indexed_attestation(state, a) {
                Ok(indexed) => indexed,
                Err(e) => {
                    debug!(
                        purpose = "observation",
                        attestation_slot = %a.data().slot,
                        error = ?e,
                        "Failed to get indexed attestation"
                    );
                    continue;
                }
            };

            let mut observed_block_attesters = self.observed_block_attesters.write();

            for &validator_index in indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_iter() {
                if let Err(e) = observed_block_attesters
                    .observe_validator(a.data().target.epoch, validator_index as usize)
                {
                    debug!(
                        error = ?e,
                        epoch = %a.data().target.epoch,
                        validator_index,
                        "Failed to register observed block attester"
                    )
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// If a slasher is configured, provide the attestations from the block.
    fn import_block_update_slasher(
        &self,
        block: BeaconBlockRef<T::EthSpec>,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
        ctxt: &mut ConsensusContext<T::EthSpec>,
    ) {
        if let Some(slasher) = self.slasher.as_ref() {
            for attestation in block.body().attestations() {
                let indexed_attestation = match ctxt.get_indexed_attestation(state, attestation) {
                    Ok(indexed) => indexed,
                    Err(e) => {
                        debug!(
                            purpose = "slasher",
                            attestation_slot = %attestation.data().slot,
                            error = ?e,
                            "Failed to get indexed attestation"
                        );
                        continue;
                    }
                };
                slasher.accept_attestation(indexed_attestation.clone_as_indexed_attestation());
            }
        }
    }

    fn import_block_update_metrics_and_events(
        &self,
        block: BeaconBlockRef<T::EthSpec>,
        block_root: Hash256,
        block_time_imported: Duration,
        payload_verification_status: PayloadVerificationStatus,
        current_slot: Slot,
    ) {
        // Only present some metrics for blocks from the previous epoch or later.
        //
        // This helps avoid noise in the metrics during sync.
        if block.slot() + 2 * T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch() >= current_slot {
            metrics::observe(
                &metrics::OPERATIONS_PER_BLOCK_ATTESTATION,
                block.body().attestations_len() as f64,
            );

            if let Ok(sync_aggregate) = block.body().sync_aggregate() {
                metrics::set_gauge(
                    &metrics::BLOCK_SYNC_AGGREGATE_SET_BITS,
                    sync_aggregate.num_set_bits() as i64,
                );
            }
        }

        let block_delay_total =
            get_slot_delay_ms(block_time_imported, block.slot(), &self.slot_clock);

        // Do not write to the cache for blocks older than 2 epochs, this helps reduce writes to
        // the cache during sync.
        if block_delay_total < self.slot_clock.slot_duration() * 64 {
            // Store the timestamp of the block being imported into the cache.
            self.block_times_cache.write().set_time_imported(
                block_root,
                current_slot,
                block_time_imported,
            );
        }

        if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
            if event_handler.has_block_subscribers() {
                event_handler.register(EventKind::Block(SseBlock {
                    slot: block.slot(),
                    block: block_root,
                    execution_optimistic: payload_verification_status.is_optimistic(),
                }));
            }
        }

        // Do not trigger light_client server update producer for old blocks, to extra work
        // during sync.
        if self.config.enable_light_client_server
            && block_delay_total < self.slot_clock.slot_duration() * 32
        {
            if let Some(mut light_client_server_tx) = self.light_client_server_tx.clone() {
                if let Ok(sync_aggregate) = block.body().sync_aggregate() {
                    if let Err(e) = light_client_server_tx.try_send((
                        block.parent_root(),
                        block.slot(),
                        sync_aggregate.clone(),
                    )) {
                        warn!(
                            error = ?e,
                            "Failed to send light_client server event"
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // For the current and next epoch of this state, ensure we have the shuffling from this
    // block in our cache.
    fn import_block_update_shuffling_cache(
        &self,
        block_root: Hash256,
        state: &mut BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) {
        if let Err(e) = self.import_block_update_shuffling_cache_fallible(block_root, state) {
            warn!(
                error = ?e,
                "Failed to prime shuffling cache"
            );
        }
    }

    fn import_block_update_shuffling_cache_fallible(
        &self,
        block_root: Hash256,
        state: &mut BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
        for relative_epoch in [RelativeEpoch::Current, RelativeEpoch::Next] {
            let shuffling_id = AttestationShufflingId::new(block_root, state, relative_epoch)?;

            let shuffling_is_cached = self.shuffling_cache.read().contains(&shuffling_id);

            if !shuffling_is_cached {
                state.build_committee_cache(relative_epoch, &self.spec)?;
                let committee_cache = state.committee_cache(relative_epoch)?;
                self.shuffling_cache
                    .write()
                    .insert_committee_cache(shuffling_id, committee_cache);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// If configured, wait for the fork choice run at the start of the slot to complete.
    fn wait_for_fork_choice_before_block_production(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<(), BlockProductionError> {
        if let Some(rx) = &self.fork_choice_signal_rx {
            let current_slot = self
                .slot()
                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::UnableToReadSlot)?;

            let timeout = Duration::from_millis(self.config.fork_choice_before_proposal_timeout_ms);

            if slot == current_slot || slot == current_slot + 1 {
                match rx.wait_for_fork_choice(slot, timeout) {
                    ForkChoiceWaitResult::Success(fc_slot) => {
                        debug!(
                            %slot,
                            fork_choice_slot = %fc_slot,
                            "Fork choice successfully updated before block production"
                        );
                    }
                    ForkChoiceWaitResult::Behind(fc_slot) => {
                        warn!(
                            fork_choice_slot = %fc_slot,
                            %slot,
                            message = "this block may be orphaned",
                            "Fork choice notifier out of sync with block production"
                        );
                    }
                    ForkChoiceWaitResult::TimeOut => {
                        warn!(
                            message = "this block may be orphaned",
                            "Timed out waiting for fork choice before proposal"
                        );
                    }
                }
            } else {
                error!(
                    %slot,
                    %current_slot,
                    message = "check clock sync, this block may be orphaned",
                    "Producing block at incorrect slot"
                );
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn produce_block_with_verification(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        randao_reveal: Signature,
        slot: Slot,
        validator_graffiti: Option<Graffiti>,
        verification: ProduceBlockVerification,
        builder_boost_factor: Option<u64>,
        block_production_version: BlockProductionVersion,
    ) -> Result<BeaconBlockResponseWrapper<T::EthSpec>, BlockProductionError> {
        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_REQUESTS);
        let _complete_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_TIMES);
        // Part 1/2 (blocking)
        //
        // Load the parent state from disk.
        let chain = self.clone();
        let (state, state_root_opt) = self
            .task_executor
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || chain.load_state_for_block_production(slot),
                "load_state_for_block_production",
            )
            .ok_or(BlockProductionError::ShuttingDown)?
            .await
            .map_err(BlockProductionError::TokioJoin)??;

        // Part 2/2 (async, with some blocking components)
        //
        // Produce the block upon the state
        self.produce_block_on_state(
            state,
            state_root_opt,
            slot,
            randao_reveal,
            validator_graffiti,
            verification,
            builder_boost_factor,
            block_production_version,
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Load a beacon state from the database for block production. This is a long-running process
    /// that should not be performed in an `async` context.
    fn load_state_for_block_production(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<(BeaconState<T::EthSpec>, Option<Hash256>), BlockProductionError> {
        let fork_choice_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_FORK_CHOICE_TIMES);
        self.wait_for_fork_choice_before_block_production(slot)?;
        drop(fork_choice_timer);

        let state_load_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_STATE_LOAD_TIMES);

        // Atomically read some values from the head whilst avoiding holding cached head `Arc` any
        // longer than necessary.
        let (head_slot, head_block_root, head_state_root) = {
            let head = self.canonical_head.cached_head();
            (
                head.head_slot(),
                head.head_block_root(),
                head.head_state_root(),
            )
        };
        let (state, state_root_opt) = if head_slot < slot {
            // Attempt an aggressive re-org if configured and the conditions are right.
            if let Some((re_org_state, re_org_state_root)) =
                self.get_state_for_re_org(slot, head_slot, head_block_root)
            {
                info!(
                    %slot,
                    head_to_reorg = %head_block_root,
                    "Proposing block to re-org current head"
                );
                (re_org_state, Some(re_org_state_root))
            } else {
                // Fetch the head state advanced through to `slot`, which should be present in the
                // state cache thanks to the state advance timer.
                let (state_root, state) = self
                    .store
                    .get_advanced_hot_state(head_block_root, slot, head_state_root)
                    .map_err(BlockProductionError::FailedToLoadState)?
                    .ok_or(BlockProductionError::UnableToProduceAtSlot(slot))?;
                (state, Some(state_root))
            }
        } else {
            warn!(
                message = "this block is more likely to be orphaned",
                %slot,
                "Producing block that conflicts with head"
            );
            let state = self
                .state_at_slot(slot - 1, StateSkipConfig::WithStateRoots)
                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::UnableToProduceAtSlot(slot))?;

            (state, None)
        };

        drop(state_load_timer);

        Ok((state, state_root_opt))
    }

    /// Fetch the beacon state to use for producing a block if a 1-slot proposer re-org is viable.
    ///
    /// This function will return `None` if proposer re-orgs are disabled.
    fn get_state_for_re_org(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        head_slot: Slot,
        canonical_head: Hash256,
    ) -> Option<(BeaconState<T::EthSpec>, Hash256)> {
        let re_org_head_threshold = self.config.re_org_head_threshold?;
        let re_org_parent_threshold = self.config.re_org_parent_threshold?;

        if self.spec.proposer_score_boost.is_none() {
            warn!(
                reason = "this network does not have proposer boost enabled",
                "Ignoring proposer re-org configuration"
            );
            return None;
        }

        let slot_delay = self
            .slot_clock
            .seconds_from_current_slot_start()
            .or_else(|| {
                warn!(error = "unable to read slot clock", "Not attempting re-org");
                None
            })?;

        // Attempt a proposer re-org if:
        //
        // 1. It seems we have time to propagate and still receive the proposer boost.
        // 2. The current head block was seen late.
        // 3. The `get_proposer_head` conditions from fork choice pass.
        let proposing_on_time = slot_delay < self.config.re_org_cutoff(self.spec.seconds_per_slot);
        if !proposing_on_time {
            debug!(reason = "not proposing on time", "Not attempting re-org");
            return None;
        }

        let head_late = self.block_observed_after_attestation_deadline(canonical_head, head_slot);
        if !head_late {
            debug!(reason = "head not late", "Not attempting re-org");
            return None;
        }

        // Is the current head weak and appropriate for re-orging?
        let proposer_head_timer =
            metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_GET_PROPOSER_HEAD_TIMES);
        let proposer_head = self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_proposer_head(
                slot,
                canonical_head,
                re_org_head_threshold,
                re_org_parent_threshold,
                &self.config.re_org_disallowed_offsets,
                self.config.re_org_max_epochs_since_finalization,
            )
            .map_err(|e| match e {
                ProposerHeadError::DoNotReOrg(reason) => {
                    debug!(
                        %reason,
                        "Not attempting re-org"
                    );
                }
                ProposerHeadError::Error(e) => {
                    warn!(
                        error = ?e,
                        "Not attempting re-org"
                    );
                }
            })
            .ok()?;
        drop(proposer_head_timer);
        let re_org_parent_block = proposer_head.parent_node.root;

        let (state_root, state) = self
            .store
            .get_advanced_hot_state_from_cache(re_org_parent_block, slot)
            .or_else(|| {
                warn!(reason = "no state in cache", "Not attempting re-org");
                None
            })?;

        info!(
            weak_head = ?canonical_head,
            parent = ?re_org_parent_block,
            head_weight = proposer_head.head_node.weight,
            threshold_weight = proposer_head.re_org_head_weight_threshold,
            "Attempting re-org due to weak head"
        );

        Some((state, state_root))
    }

    /// Get the proposer index and `prev_randao` value for a proposal at slot `proposal_slot`.
    ///
    /// The `proposer_head` may be the head block of `cached_head` or its parent. An error will
    /// be returned for any other value.
    pub fn get_pre_payload_attributes(
        &self,
        proposal_slot: Slot,
        proposer_head: Hash256,
        cached_head: &CachedHead<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<Option<PrePayloadAttributes>, Error> {
        let proposal_epoch = proposal_slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());

        let head_block_root = cached_head.head_block_root();
        let head_parent_block_root = cached_head.parent_block_root();

        // The proposer head must be equal to the canonical head or its parent.
        if proposer_head != head_block_root && proposer_head != head_parent_block_root {
            warn!(
                block_root = ?proposer_head,
                head_block_root = ?head_block_root,
                "Unable to compute payload attributes"
            );
            return Ok(None);
        }

        // Compute the proposer index.
        let head_epoch = cached_head.head_slot().epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        let shuffling_decision_root = if head_epoch == proposal_epoch {
            cached_head
                .snapshot
                .beacon_state
                .proposer_shuffling_decision_root(proposer_head)?
        } else {
            proposer_head
        };
        let cached_proposer = self
            .beacon_proposer_cache
            .lock()
            .get_slot::<T::EthSpec>(shuffling_decision_root, proposal_slot);
        let proposer_index = if let Some(proposer) = cached_proposer {
            proposer.index as u64
        } else {
            if head_epoch + self.config.sync_tolerance_epochs < proposal_epoch {
                warn!(
                    msg = "this is a non-critical issue that can happen on unhealthy nodes or \
                              networks.",
                    %proposal_epoch,
                    %head_epoch,
                    "Skipping proposer preparation"
                );

                // Don't skip the head forward more than two epochs. This avoids burdening an
                // unhealthy node.
                //
                // Although this node might miss out on preparing for a proposal, they should still
                // be able to propose. This will prioritise beacon chain health over efficient
                // packing of execution blocks.
                return Ok(None);
            }

            let (proposers, decision_root, _, fork) =
                compute_proposer_duties_from_head(proposal_epoch, self)?;

            let proposer_offset = (proposal_slot % T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()).as_usize();
            let proposer = *proposers
                .get(proposer_offset)
                .ok_or(BeaconChainError::NoProposerForSlot(proposal_slot))?;

            self.beacon_proposer_cache.lock().insert(
                proposal_epoch,
                decision_root,
                proposers,
                fork,
            )?;

            // It's possible that the head changes whilst computing these duties. If so, abandon
            // this routine since the change of head would have also spawned another instance of
            // this routine.
            //
            // Exit now, after updating the cache.
            if decision_root != shuffling_decision_root {
                warn!("Head changed during proposer preparation");
                return Ok(None);
            }

            proposer as u64
        };

        // Get the `prev_randao` and parent block number.
        let head_block_number = cached_head.head_block_number()?;
        let (prev_randao, parent_block_number) = if proposer_head == head_parent_block_root {
            (
                cached_head.parent_random()?,
                head_block_number.saturating_sub(1),
            )
        } else {
            (cached_head.head_random()?, head_block_number)
        };

        Ok(Some(PrePayloadAttributes {
            proposer_index,
            prev_randao,
            parent_block_number,
            parent_beacon_block_root: proposer_head,
        }))
    }

    pub fn get_expected_withdrawals(
        &self,
        forkchoice_update_params: &ForkchoiceUpdateParameters,
        proposal_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Withdrawals<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
        let cached_head = self.canonical_head.cached_head();
        let head_state = &cached_head.snapshot.beacon_state;

        let parent_block_root = forkchoice_update_params.head_root;

        let (unadvanced_state, unadvanced_state_root) =
            if cached_head.head_block_root() == parent_block_root {
                (Cow::Borrowed(head_state), cached_head.head_state_root())
            } else {
                let block = self
                    .get_blinded_block(&parent_block_root)?
                    .ok_or(Error::MissingBeaconBlock(parent_block_root))?;
                let (state_root, state) = self
                    .store
                    .get_advanced_hot_state(parent_block_root, proposal_slot, block.state_root())?
                    .ok_or(Error::MissingBeaconState(block.state_root()))?;
                (Cow::Owned(state), state_root)
            };

        // Parent state epoch is the same as the proposal, we don't need to advance because the
        // list of expected withdrawals can only change after an epoch advance or a
        // block application.
        let proposal_epoch = proposal_slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        if head_state.current_epoch() == proposal_epoch {
            return get_expected_withdrawals(&unadvanced_state, &self.spec)
                .map(|(withdrawals, _)| withdrawals)
                .map_err(Error::PrepareProposerFailed);
        }

        // Advance the state using the partial method.
        debug!(
            %proposal_slot,
            ?parent_block_root,
            "Advancing state for withdrawals calculation"
        );
        let mut advanced_state = unadvanced_state.into_owned();
        partial_state_advance(
            &mut advanced_state,
            Some(unadvanced_state_root),
            proposal_epoch.start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()),
            &self.spec,
        )?;
        get_expected_withdrawals(&advanced_state, &self.spec)
            .map(|(withdrawals, _)| withdrawals)
            .map_err(Error::PrepareProposerFailed)
    }

    /// Determine whether a fork choice update to the execution layer should be overridden.
    ///
    /// This is *only* necessary when proposer re-orgs are enabled, because we have to prevent the
    /// execution layer from enshrining the block we want to re-org as the head.
    ///
    /// This function uses heuristics that align quite closely but not exactly with the re-org
    /// conditions set out in `get_state_for_re_org` and `get_proposer_head`. The differences are
    /// documented below.
    pub fn overridden_forkchoice_update_params(
        &self,
        canonical_forkchoice_params: ForkchoiceUpdateParameters,
    ) -> Result<ForkchoiceUpdateParameters, Error> {
        self.overridden_forkchoice_update_params_or_failure_reason(&canonical_forkchoice_params)
            .or_else(|e| match *e {
                ProposerHeadError::DoNotReOrg(reason) => {
                    trace!(
                        %reason,
                        "Not suppressing fork choice update"
                    );
                    Ok(canonical_forkchoice_params)
                }
                ProposerHeadError::Error(e) => Err(e),
            })
    }

    pub fn overridden_forkchoice_update_params_or_failure_reason(
        &self,
        canonical_forkchoice_params: &ForkchoiceUpdateParameters,
    ) -> Result<ForkchoiceUpdateParameters, Box<ProposerHeadError<Error>>> {
        let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::FORK_CHOICE_OVERRIDE_FCU_TIMES);

        // Never override if proposer re-orgs are disabled.
        let re_org_head_threshold = self
            .config
            .re_org_head_threshold
            .ok_or(Box::new(DoNotReOrg::ReOrgsDisabled.into()))?;

        let re_org_parent_threshold = self
            .config
            .re_org_parent_threshold
            .ok_or(Box::new(DoNotReOrg::ReOrgsDisabled.into()))?;

        let head_block_root = canonical_forkchoice_params.head_root;

        // Perform initial checks and load the relevant info from fork choice.
        let info = self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_preliminary_proposer_head(
                head_block_root,
                re_org_head_threshold,
                re_org_parent_threshold,
                &self.config.re_org_disallowed_offsets,
                self.config.re_org_max_epochs_since_finalization,
            )
            .map_err(|e| e.map_inner_error(Error::ProposerHeadForkChoiceError))?;

        // The slot of our potential re-org block is always 1 greater than the head block because we
        // only attempt single-slot re-orgs.
        let head_slot = info.head_node.slot;
        let re_org_block_slot = head_slot + 1;
        let fork_choice_slot = info.current_slot;

        // If a re-orging proposal isn't made by the `re_org_cutoff` then we give up
        // and allow the fork choice update for the canonical head through so that we may attest
        // correctly.
        let current_slot_ok = if head_slot == fork_choice_slot {
            true
        } else if re_org_block_slot == fork_choice_slot {
            self.slot_clock
                .start_of(re_org_block_slot)
                .and_then(|slot_start| {
                    let now = self.slot_clock.now_duration()?;
                    let slot_delay = now.saturating_sub(slot_start);
                    Some(slot_delay <= self.config.re_org_cutoff(self.spec.seconds_per_slot))
                })
                .unwrap_or(false)
        } else {
            false
        };
        if !current_slot_ok {
            return Err(Box::new(DoNotReOrg::HeadDistance.into()));
        }

        // Only attempt a re-org if we have a proposer registered for the re-org slot.
        let proposing_at_re_org_slot = {
            // The proposer shuffling has the same decision root as the next epoch attestation
            // shuffling. We know our re-org block is not on the epoch boundary, so it has the
            // same proposer shuffling as the head (but not necessarily the parent which may lie
            // in the previous epoch).
            let shuffling_decision_root = info
                .head_node
                .next_epoch_shuffling_id
                .shuffling_decision_block;
            let proposer_index = self
                .beacon_proposer_cache
                .lock()
                .get_slot::<T::EthSpec>(shuffling_decision_root, re_org_block_slot)
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    debug!(
                        slot = %re_org_block_slot,
                        decision_root = ?shuffling_decision_root,
                        "Fork choice override proposer shuffling miss"
                    );
                    Box::new(DoNotReOrg::NotProposing.into())
                })?
                .index as u64;

            self.execution_layer
                .as_ref()
                .ok_or(ProposerHeadError::Error(Error::ExecutionLayerMissing))?
                .has_proposer_preparation_data_blocking(proposer_index)
        };
        if !proposing_at_re_org_slot {
            return Err(Box::new(DoNotReOrg::NotProposing.into()));
        }

        // If the current slot is already equal to the proposal slot (or we are in the tail end of
        // the prior slot), then check the actual weight of the head against the head re-org threshold
        // and the actual weight of the parent against the parent re-org threshold.
        let (head_weak, parent_strong) = if fork_choice_slot == re_org_block_slot {
            (
                info.head_node.weight < info.re_org_head_weight_threshold,
                info.parent_node.weight > info.re_org_parent_weight_threshold,
            )
        } else {
            (true, true)
        };
        if !head_weak {
            return Err(Box::new(
                DoNotReOrg::HeadNotWeak {
                    head_weight: info.head_node.weight,
                    re_org_head_weight_threshold: info.re_org_head_weight_threshold,
                }
                .into(),
            ));
        }
        if !parent_strong {
            return Err(Box::new(
                DoNotReOrg::ParentNotStrong {
                    parent_weight: info.parent_node.weight,
                    re_org_parent_weight_threshold: info.re_org_parent_weight_threshold,
                }
                .into(),
            ));
        }

        // Check that the head block arrived late and is vulnerable to a re-org. This check is only
        // a heuristic compared to the proper weight check in `get_state_for_re_org`, the reason
        // being that we may have only *just* received the block and not yet processed any
        // attestations for it. We also can't dequeue attestations for the block during the
        // current slot, which would be necessary for determining its weight.
        let head_block_late =
            self.block_observed_after_attestation_deadline(head_block_root, head_slot);
        if !head_block_late {
            return Err(Box::new(DoNotReOrg::HeadNotLate.into()));
        }

        let parent_head_hash = info.parent_node.execution_status.block_hash();
        let forkchoice_update_params = ForkchoiceUpdateParameters {
            head_root: info.parent_node.root,
            head_hash: parent_head_hash,
            justified_hash: canonical_forkchoice_params.justified_hash,
            finalized_hash: canonical_forkchoice_params.finalized_hash,
        };

        debug!(
            canonical_head = ?head_block_root,
            ?info.parent_node.root,
            slot = %fork_choice_slot,
            "Fork choice update overridden"
        );

        Ok(forkchoice_update_params)
    }

    /// Check if the block with `block_root` was observed after the attestation deadline of `slot`.
    fn block_observed_after_attestation_deadline(&self, block_root: Hash256, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        let block_delays = self.block_times_cache.read().get_block_delays(
            block_root,
            self.slot_clock
                .start_of(slot)
                .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0)),
        );
        block_delays
            .observed
            .is_some_and(|delay| delay >= self.slot_clock.unagg_attestation_production_delay())
    }

    /// Produce a block for some `slot` upon the given `state`.
    ///
    /// Typically the `self.produce_block()` function should be used, instead of calling this
    /// function directly. This function is useful for purposefully creating forks or blocks at
    /// non-current slots.
    ///
    /// If required, the given state will be advanced to the given `produce_at_slot`, then a block
    /// will be produced at that slot height.
    ///
    /// The provided `state_root_opt` should only ever be set to `Some` if the contained value is
    /// equal to the root of `state`. Providing this value will serve as an optimization to avoid
    /// performing a tree hash in some scenarios.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub async fn produce_block_on_state(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        state: BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
        state_root_opt: Option<Hash256>,
        produce_at_slot: Slot,
        randao_reveal: Signature,
        validator_graffiti: Option<Graffiti>,
        verification: ProduceBlockVerification,
        builder_boost_factor: Option<u64>,
        block_production_version: BlockProductionVersion,
    ) -> Result<BeaconBlockResponseWrapper<T::EthSpec>, BlockProductionError> {
        // Part 1/3 (blocking)
        //
        // Perform the state advance and block-packing functions.
        let chain = self.clone();
        let graffiti = self
            .graffiti_calculator
            .get_graffiti(validator_graffiti)
            .await;
        let mut partial_beacon_block = self
            .task_executor
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || {
                    chain.produce_partial_beacon_block(
                        state,
                        state_root_opt,
                        produce_at_slot,
                        randao_reveal,
                        graffiti,
                        builder_boost_factor,
                        block_production_version,
                    )
                },
                "produce_partial_beacon_block",
            )
            .ok_or(BlockProductionError::ShuttingDown)?
            .await
            .map_err(BlockProductionError::TokioJoin)??;
        // Part 2/3 (async)
        //
        // Wait for the execution layer to return an execution payload (if one is required).
        let prepare_payload_handle = partial_beacon_block.prepare_payload_handle.take();
        let block_contents_type_option =
            if let Some(prepare_payload_handle) = prepare_payload_handle {
                Some(
                    prepare_payload_handle
                        .await
                        .map_err(BlockProductionError::TokioJoin)?
                        .ok_or(BlockProductionError::ShuttingDown)??,
                )
            } else {
                None
            };
        // Part 3/3 (blocking)
        if let Some(block_contents_type) = block_contents_type_option {
            match block_contents_type {
                BlockProposalContentsType::Full(block_contents) => {
                    let chain = self.clone();
                    let beacon_block_response = self
                        .task_executor
                        .spawn_blocking_handle(
                            move || {
                                chain.complete_partial_beacon_block(
                                    partial_beacon_block,
                                    Some(block_contents),
                                    verification,
                                )
                            },
                            "complete_partial_beacon_block",
                        )
                        .ok_or(BlockProductionError::ShuttingDown)?
                        .await
                        .map_err(BlockProductionError::TokioJoin)??;

                    Ok(BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Full(beacon_block_response))
                }
                BlockProposalContentsType::Blinded(block_contents) => {
                    let chain = self.clone();
                    let beacon_block_response = self
                        .task_executor
                        .spawn_blocking_handle(
                            move || {
                                chain.complete_partial_beacon_block(
                                    partial_beacon_block,
                                    Some(block_contents),
                                    verification,
                                )
                            },
                            "complete_partial_beacon_block",
                        )
                        .ok_or(BlockProductionError::ShuttingDown)?
                        .await
                        .map_err(BlockProductionError::TokioJoin)??;

                    Ok(BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Blinded(beacon_block_response))
                }
            }
        } else {
            let chain = self.clone();
            let beacon_block_response = self
                .task_executor
                .spawn_blocking_handle(
                    move || {
                        chain.complete_partial_beacon_block(
                            partial_beacon_block,
                            None,
                            verification,
                        )
                    },
                    "complete_partial_beacon_block",
                )
                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::ShuttingDown)?
                .await
                .map_err(BlockProductionError::TokioJoin)??;

            Ok(BeaconBlockResponseWrapper::Full(beacon_block_response))
        }
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn produce_partial_beacon_block(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        mut state: BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
        state_root_opt: Option<Hash256>,
        produce_at_slot: Slot,
        randao_reveal: Signature,
        graffiti: Graffiti,
        builder_boost_factor: Option<u64>,
        block_production_version: BlockProductionVersion,
    ) -> Result<PartialBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>, BlockProductionError> {
        // It is invalid to try to produce a block using a state from a future slot.
        if state.slot() > produce_at_slot {
            return Err(BlockProductionError::StateSlotTooHigh {
                produce_at_slot,
                state_slot: state.slot(),
            });
        }

        let slot_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_SLOT_PROCESS_TIMES);

        // Ensure the state has performed a complete transition into the required slot.
        complete_state_advance(&mut state, state_root_opt, produce_at_slot, &self.spec)?;

        drop(slot_timer);

        state.build_committee_cache(RelativeEpoch::Current, &self.spec)?;
        state.apply_pending_mutations()?;

        let parent_root = if state.slot() > 0 {
            *state
                .get_block_root(state.slot() - 1)
                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::UnableToGetBlockRootFromState)?
        } else {
            state.latest_block_header().canonical_root()
        };

        let proposer_index = state.get_beacon_proposer_index(state.slot(), &self.spec)? as u64;

        let pubkey = state
            .validators()
            .get(proposer_index as usize)
            .map(|v| v.pubkey)
            .ok_or(BlockProductionError::BeaconChain(Box::new(
                BeaconChainError::ValidatorIndexUnknown(proposer_index as usize),
            )))?;

        let builder_params = BuilderParams {
            pubkey,
            slot: state.slot(),
            chain_health: self
                .is_healthy(&parent_root)
                .map_err(|e| BlockProductionError::BeaconChain(Box::new(e)))?,
        };

        // If required, start the process of loading an execution payload from the EL early. This
        // allows it to run concurrently with things like attestation packing.
        let prepare_payload_handle = if state.fork_name_unchecked().bellatrix_enabled() {
            let prepare_payload_handle = get_execution_payload(
                self.clone(),
                &state,
                parent_root,
                proposer_index,
                builder_params,
                builder_boost_factor,
                block_production_version,
            )?;
            Some(prepare_payload_handle)
        } else {
            None
        };

        let (mut proposer_slashings, mut attester_slashings, mut voluntary_exits) =
            self.op_pool.get_slashings_and_exits(&state, &self.spec);

        let eth1_data = state.eth1_data().clone();

        let deposits = vec![];

        let bls_to_execution_changes = self
            .op_pool
            .get_bls_to_execution_changes(&state, &self.spec);

        // Iterate through the naive aggregation pool and ensure all the attestations from there
        // are included in the operation pool.
        let unagg_import_timer =
            metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_UNAGGREGATED_TIMES);
        for attestation in self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().iter() {
            let import = |attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>| {
                let attesting_indices =
                    get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, attestation.to_ref())?;
                self.op_pool
                    .insert_attestation(attestation.clone(), attesting_indices)
            };
            if let Err(e) = import(attestation) {
                // Don't stop block production if there's an error, just create a log.
                error!(
                    reason = ?e,
                    "Attestation did not transfer to op pool"
                );
            }
        }
        drop(unagg_import_timer);

        let attestation_packing_timer =
            metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_ATTESTATION_TIMES);

        // Epoch cache and total balance cache are required for op pool packing.
        state.build_total_active_balance_cache(&self.spec)?;
        initialize_epoch_cache(&mut state, &self.spec)?;

        let mut prev_filter_cache = HashMap::new();
        let prev_attestation_filter = |att: &CompactAttestationRef<T::EthSpec>| {
            self.filter_op_pool_attestation(&mut prev_filter_cache, att, &state)
        };
        let mut curr_filter_cache = HashMap::new();
        let curr_attestation_filter = |att: &CompactAttestationRef<T::EthSpec>| {
            self.filter_op_pool_attestation(&mut curr_filter_cache, att, &state)
        };

        let mut attestations = self
            .op_pool
            .get_attestations(
                &state,
                prev_attestation_filter,
                curr_attestation_filter,
                &self.spec,
            )
            .map_err(BlockProductionError::OpPoolError)?;
        drop(attestation_packing_timer);

        // If paranoid mode is enabled re-check the signatures of every included message.
        // This will be a lot slower but guards against bugs in block production and can be
        // quickly rolled out without a release.
        if self.config.paranoid_block_proposal {
            let mut tmp_ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
            attestations.retain(|att| {
                verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion(
                    &state,
                    att.to_ref(),
                    &mut tmp_ctxt,
                    VerifySignatures::True,
                    &self.spec,
                )
                .map_err(|e| {
                    warn!(
                        err = ?e,
                        block_slot = %state.slot(),
                        attestation = ?att,
                        "Attempted to include an invalid attestation"
                    );
                })
                .is_ok()
            });

            proposer_slashings.retain(|slashing| {
                slashing
                    .clone()
                    .validate(&state, &self.spec)
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        warn!(
                            err = ?e,
                            block_slot = %state.slot(),
                            ?slashing,
                            "Attempted to include an invalid proposer slashing"
                        );
                    })
                    .is_ok()
            });

            attester_slashings.retain(|slashing| {
                slashing
                    .clone()
                    .validate(&state, &self.spec)
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        warn!(
                            err = ?e,
                            block_slot = %state.slot(),
                            ?slashing,
                            "Attempted to include an invalid attester slashing"
                        );
                    })
                    .is_ok()
            });

            voluntary_exits.retain(|exit| {
                exit.clone()
                    .validate(&state, &self.spec)
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        warn!(
                            err = ?e,
                            block_slot = %state.slot(),
                            ?exit,
                            "Attempted to include an invalid proposer slashing"
                        );
                    })
                    .is_ok()
            });
        }

        let slot = state.slot();

        let sync_aggregate = if matches!(&state, BeaconState::Base(_)) {
            None
        } else {
            let sync_aggregate = self
                .op_pool
                .get_sync_aggregate(&state)
                .map_err(BlockProductionError::OpPoolError)?
                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    warn!(
                        slot = %state.slot(),
                        "Producing block with no sync contributions"
                    );
                    SyncAggregate::new()
                });
            Some(sync_aggregate)
        };

        Ok(PartialBeaconBlock {
            state,
            slot,
            proposer_index,
            parent_root,
            randao_reveal,
            eth1_data,
            graffiti,
            proposer_slashings,
            attester_slashings,
            attestations,
            deposits,
            voluntary_exits,
            sync_aggregate,
            prepare_payload_handle,
            bls_to_execution_changes,
        })
    }

    fn complete_partial_beacon_block<Payload: AbstractExecPayload<T::EthSpec>>(
        &self,
        partial_beacon_block: PartialBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec>,
        block_contents: Option<BlockProposalContents<T::EthSpec, Payload>>,
        verification: ProduceBlockVerification,
    ) -> Result<BeaconBlockResponse<T::EthSpec, Payload>, BlockProductionError> {
        let PartialBeaconBlock {
            mut state,
            slot,
            proposer_index,
            parent_root,
            randao_reveal,
            eth1_data,
            graffiti,
            proposer_slashings,
            attester_slashings,
            attestations,
            deposits,
            voluntary_exits,
            sync_aggregate,
            // We don't need the prepare payload handle since the `execution_payload` is passed into
            // this function. We can assume that the handle has already been consumed in order to
            // produce said `execution_payload`.
            prepare_payload_handle: _,
            bls_to_execution_changes,
        } = partial_beacon_block;

        let (attester_slashings_base, attester_slashings_electra) =
            attester_slashings.into_iter().fold(
                (Vec::new(), Vec::new()),
                |(mut base, mut electra), slashing| {
                    match slashing {
                        AttesterSlashing::Base(slashing) => base.push(slashing),
                        AttesterSlashing::Electra(slashing) => electra.push(slashing),
                    }
                    (base, electra)
                },
            );
        let (attestations_base, attestations_electra) = attestations.into_iter().fold(
            (Vec::new(), Vec::new()),
            |(mut base, mut electra), attestation| {
                match attestation {
                    Attestation::Base(attestation) => base.push(attestation),
                    Attestation::Electra(attestation) => electra.push(attestation),
                }
                (base, electra)
            },
        );

        let (inner_block, maybe_blobs_and_proofs, execution_payload_value) = match &state {
            BeaconState::Base(_) => (
                BeaconBlock::Base(BeaconBlockBase {
                    slot,
                    proposer_index,
                    parent_root,
                    state_root: Hash256::zero(),
                    body: BeaconBlockBodyBase {
                        randao_reveal,
                        eth1_data,
                        graffiti,
                        proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
                        attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
                        attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                        deposits: deposits.into(),
                        voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                        _phantom: PhantomData,
                    },
                }),
                None,
                Uint256::ZERO,
            ),
            BeaconState::Altair(_) => (
                BeaconBlock::Altair(BeaconBlockAltair {
                    slot,
                    proposer_index,
                    parent_root,
                    state_root: Hash256::zero(),
                    body: BeaconBlockBodyAltair {
                        randao_reveal,
                        eth1_data,
                        graffiti,
                        proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
                        attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
                        attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                        deposits: deposits.into(),
                        voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                        sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
                            .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingSyncAggregate)?,
                        _phantom: PhantomData,
                    },
                }),
                None,
                Uint256::ZERO,
            ),
            BeaconState::Bellatrix(_) => {
                let block_proposal_contents =
                    block_contents.ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingExecutionPayload)?;
                let execution_payload_value = block_proposal_contents.block_value().to_owned();
                (
                    BeaconBlock::Bellatrix(BeaconBlockBellatrix {
                        slot,
                        proposer_index,
                        parent_root,
                        state_root: Hash256::zero(),
                        body: BeaconBlockBodyBellatrix {
                            randao_reveal,
                            eth1_data,
                            graffiti,
                            proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
                            attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                            deposits: deposits.into(),
                            voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                            sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingSyncAggregate)?,
                            execution_payload: block_proposal_contents
                                .to_payload()
                                .try_into()
                                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
                        },
                    }),
                    None,
                    execution_payload_value,
                )
            }
            BeaconState::Capella(_) => {
                let block_proposal_contents =
                    block_contents.ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingExecutionPayload)?;
                let execution_payload_value = block_proposal_contents.block_value().to_owned();

                (
                    BeaconBlock::Capella(BeaconBlockCapella {
                        slot,
                        proposer_index,
                        parent_root,
                        state_root: Hash256::zero(),
                        body: BeaconBlockBodyCapella {
                            randao_reveal,
                            eth1_data,
                            graffiti,
                            proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
                            attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                            deposits: deposits.into(),
                            voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                            sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingSyncAggregate)?,
                            execution_payload: block_proposal_contents
                                .to_payload()
                                .try_into()
                                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
                            bls_to_execution_changes: bls_to_execution_changes.into(),
                        },
                    }),
                    None,
                    execution_payload_value,
                )
            }
            BeaconState::Deneb(_) => {
                let (
                    payload,
                    kzg_commitments,
                    maybe_blobs_and_proofs,
                    _maybe_requests,
                    execution_payload_value,
                ) = block_contents
                    .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingExecutionPayload)?
                    .deconstruct();

                (
                    BeaconBlock::Deneb(BeaconBlockDeneb {
                        slot,
                        proposer_index,
                        parent_root,
                        state_root: Hash256::zero(),
                        body: BeaconBlockBodyDeneb {
                            randao_reveal,
                            eth1_data,
                            graffiti,
                            proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
                            attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                            deposits: deposits.into(),
                            voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                            sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingSyncAggregate)?,
                            execution_payload: payload
                                .try_into()
                                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
                            bls_to_execution_changes: bls_to_execution_changes.into(),
                            blob_kzg_commitments: kzg_commitments.ok_or(
                                BlockProductionError::MissingKzgCommitment(
                                    "Kzg commitments missing from block contents".to_string(),
                                ),
                            )?,
                        },
                    }),
                    maybe_blobs_and_proofs,
                    execution_payload_value,
                )
            }
            BeaconState::Electra(_) => {
                let (
                    payload,
                    kzg_commitments,
                    maybe_blobs_and_proofs,
                    maybe_requests,
                    execution_payload_value,
                ) = block_contents
                    .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingExecutionPayload)?
                    .deconstruct();

                (
                    BeaconBlock::Electra(BeaconBlockElectra {
                        slot,
                        proposer_index,
                        parent_root,
                        state_root: Hash256::zero(),
                        body: BeaconBlockBodyElectra {
                            randao_reveal,
                            eth1_data,
                            graffiti,
                            proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_electra.into(),
                            attestations: attestations_electra.into(),
                            deposits: deposits.into(),
                            voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                            sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingSyncAggregate)?,
                            execution_payload: payload
                                .try_into()
                                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
                            bls_to_execution_changes: bls_to_execution_changes.into(),
                            blob_kzg_commitments: kzg_commitments
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
                            execution_requests: maybe_requests
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingExecutionRequests)?,
                        },
                    }),
                    maybe_blobs_and_proofs,
                    execution_payload_value,
                )
            }
            BeaconState::Fulu(_) => {
                let (
                    payload,
                    kzg_commitments,
                    maybe_blobs_and_proofs,
                    maybe_requests,
                    execution_payload_value,
                ) = block_contents
                    .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingExecutionPayload)?
                    .deconstruct();

                (
                    BeaconBlock::Fulu(BeaconBlockFulu {
                        slot,
                        proposer_index,
                        parent_root,
                        state_root: Hash256::zero(),
                        body: BeaconBlockBodyFulu {
                            randao_reveal,
                            eth1_data,
                            graffiti,
                            proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_electra.into(),
                            attestations: attestations_electra.into(),
                            deposits: deposits.into(),
                            voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                            sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingSyncAggregate)?,
                            execution_payload: payload
                                .try_into()
                                .map_err(|_| BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
                            bls_to_execution_changes: bls_to_execution_changes.into(),
                            blob_kzg_commitments: kzg_commitments
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
                            execution_requests: maybe_requests
                                .ok_or(BlockProductionError::MissingExecutionRequests)?,
                        },
                    }),
                    maybe_blobs_and_proofs,
                    execution_payload_value,
                )
            }
        };

        let block = SignedBeaconBlock::from_block(
            inner_block,
            // The block is not signed here, that is the task of a validator client.
            Signature::empty(),
        );

        let block_size = block.ssz_bytes_len();
        debug!(%block_size, "Produced block on state");

        metrics::observe(&metrics::BLOCK_SIZE, block_size as f64);

        if block_size > self.config.max_network_size {
            return Err(BlockProductionError::BlockTooLarge(block_size));
        }

        let process_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_PROCESS_TIMES);
        let signature_strategy = match verification {
            ProduceBlockVerification::VerifyRandao => BlockSignatureStrategy::VerifyRandao,
            ProduceBlockVerification::NoVerification => BlockSignatureStrategy::NoVerification,
        };

        // Use a context without block root or proposer index so that both are checked.
        let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(block.slot());

        let consensus_block_value = self
            .compute_beacon_block_reward(block.message(), &mut state)
            .map(|reward| reward.total)
            .unwrap_or(0);

        per_block_processing(
            &mut state,
            &block,
            signature_strategy,
            VerifyBlockRoot::True,
            &mut ctxt,
            &self.spec,
        )?;
        drop(process_timer);

        let state_root_timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_STATE_ROOT_TIMES);
        let state_root = state.update_tree_hash_cache()?;
        drop(state_root_timer);

        let (mut block, _) = block.deconstruct();
        *block.state_root_mut() = state_root;

        let blobs_verification_timer =
            metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_BLOBS_VERIFICATION_TIMES);
        let blob_items = match maybe_blobs_and_proofs {
            Some((blobs, proofs)) => {
                let expected_kzg_commitments =
                    block.body().blob_kzg_commitments().map_err(|_| {
                        BlockProductionError::InvalidBlockVariant(
                            "deneb block does not contain kzg commitments".to_string(),
                        )
                    })?;

                if expected_kzg_commitments.len() != blobs.len() {
                    return Err(BlockProductionError::MissingKzgCommitment(format!(
                        "Missing KZG commitment for slot {}. Expected {}, got: {}",
                        block.slot(),
                        blobs.len(),
                        expected_kzg_commitments.len()
                    )));
                }

                let kzg_proofs = Vec::from(proofs);

                let kzg = self.kzg.as_ref();
                if self
                    .spec
                    .is_peer_das_enabled_for_epoch(slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()))
                {
                    kzg_utils::validate_blobs_and_cell_proofs::<T::EthSpec>(
                        kzg,
                        blobs.iter().collect(),
                        &kzg_proofs,
                        expected_kzg_commitments,
                    )
                    .map_err(BlockProductionError::KzgError)?;
                } else {
                    kzg_utils::validate_blobs::<T::EthSpec>(
                        kzg,
                        expected_kzg_commitments,
                        blobs.iter().collect(),
                        &kzg_proofs,
                    )
                    .map_err(BlockProductionError::KzgError)?;
                }

                Some((kzg_proofs.into(), blobs))
            }
            None => None,
        };

        drop(blobs_verification_timer);

        metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_SUCCESSES);

        trace!(
            parent = ?block.parent_root(),
            attestations = block.body().attestations_len(),
            slot = %block.slot(),
            "Produced beacon block"
        );

        Ok(BeaconBlockResponse {
            block,
            state,
            blob_items,
            execution_payload_value,
            consensus_block_value,
        })
    }

    /// This method must be called whenever an execution engine indicates that a payload is
    /// invalid.
    ///
    /// Fork choice will be run after the invalidation. The client may be shut down if the `op`
    /// results in the justified checkpoint being invalidated.
    ///
    /// See the documentation of `InvalidationOperation` for information about defining `op`.
    pub async fn process_invalid_execution_payload(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        op: &InvalidationOperation,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        debug!(?op, "Processing payload invalidation");

        // Update the execution status in fork choice.
        //
        // Use a blocking task since it interacts with the `canonical_head` lock. Lock contention
        // on the core executor is bad.
        let chain = self.clone();
        let inner_op = op.clone();
        let fork_choice_result = self
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || {
                    chain
                        .canonical_head
                        .fork_choice_write_lock()
                        .on_invalid_execution_payload(&inner_op)
                },
                "invalid_payload_fork_choice_update",
            )
            .await?;

        // Update fork choice.
        if let Err(e) = fork_choice_result {
            crit!(
                error = ?e,
                latest_valid_ancestor = ?op.latest_valid_ancestor(),
                block_root = ?op.block_root(),
                "Failed to process invalid payload"
            );
        }

        // Run fork choice since it's possible that the payload invalidation might result in a new
        // head.
        self.recompute_head_at_current_slot().await;

        // Obtain the justified root from fork choice.
        //
        // Use a blocking task since it interacts with the `canonical_head` lock. Lock contention
        // on the core executor is bad.
        let chain = self.clone();
        let justified_block = self
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || {
                    chain
                        .canonical_head
                        .fork_choice_read_lock()
                        .get_justified_block()
                },
                "invalid_payload_fork_choice_get_justified",
            )
            .await??;

        if justified_block.execution_status.is_invalid() {
            crit!(
                msg = "ensure you are not connected to a malicious network. This error is not \
                recoverable, please reach out to the lighthouse developers for assistance.",
                "The justified checkpoint is invalid"
            );

            let mut shutdown_sender = self.shutdown_sender();
            if let Err(e) = shutdown_sender.try_send(ShutdownReason::Failure(
                INVALID_JUSTIFIED_PAYLOAD_SHUTDOWN_REASON,
            )) {
                crit!(
                    msg = "shut down may already be under way",
                    error = ?e,
                    "Unable to trigger client shut down"
                );
            }

            // Return an error here to try and prevent progression by upstream functions.
            return Err(Error::JustifiedPayloadInvalid {
                justified_root: justified_block.root,
                execution_block_hash: justified_block.execution_status.block_hash(),
            });
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn block_is_known_to_fork_choice(&self, root: &Hash256) -> bool {
        self.canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .contains_block(root)
    }

    /// Determines the beacon proposer for the next slot. If that proposer is registered in the
    /// `execution_layer`, provide the `execution_layer` with the necessary information to produce
    /// `PayloadAttributes` for future calls to fork choice.
    ///
    /// The `PayloadAttributes` are used by the EL to give it a look-ahead for preparing an optimal
    /// set of transactions for a new `ExecutionPayload`.
    ///
    /// This function will result in a call to `forkchoiceUpdated` on the EL if we're in the
    /// tail-end of the slot (as defined by `self.config.prepare_payload_lookahead`).
    ///
    /// Return `Ok(Some(head_block_root))` if this node prepared to propose at the next slot on
    /// top of `head_block_root`.
    pub async fn prepare_beacon_proposer(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        current_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Option<Hash256>, Error> {
        let prepare_slot = current_slot + 1;

        // There's no need to run the proposer preparation routine before the bellatrix fork.
        if self.slot_is_prior_to_bellatrix(prepare_slot) {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let execution_layer = self
            .execution_layer
            .clone()
            .ok_or(Error::ExecutionLayerMissing)?;

        // Nothing to do if there are no proposers registered with the EL, exit early to avoid
        // wasting cycles.
        if !self.config.always_prepare_payload
            && !execution_layer.has_any_proposer_preparation_data().await
        {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        // Load the cached head and its forkchoice update parameters.
        //
        // Use a blocking task since blocking the core executor on the canonical head read lock can
        // block the core tokio executor.
        let chain = self.clone();
        let tolerance_slots = self.config.sync_tolerance_epochs * T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch();
        let maybe_prep_data = self
            .spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || {
                    let cached_head = chain.canonical_head.cached_head();

                    // Don't bother with proposer prep if the head is more than
                    // `sync_tolerance_epochs` prior to the current slot.
                    //
                    // This prevents the routine from running during sync.
                    let head_slot = cached_head.head_slot();
                    if head_slot + tolerance_slots < current_slot {
                        debug!(%head_slot, %current_slot, "Head too old for proposer prep");
                        return Ok(None);
                    }

                    let canonical_fcu_params = cached_head.forkchoice_update_parameters();
                    let fcu_params =
                        chain.overridden_forkchoice_update_params(canonical_fcu_params)?;
                    let pre_payload_attributes = chain.get_pre_payload_attributes(
                        prepare_slot,
                        fcu_params.head_root,
                        &cached_head,
                    )?;
                    Ok::<_, Error>(Some((fcu_params, pre_payload_attributes)))
                },
                "prepare_beacon_proposer_head_read",
            )
            .await??;

        let Some((forkchoice_update_params, Some(pre_payload_attributes))) = maybe_prep_data else {
            // Appropriate log messages have already been logged above and in
            // `get_pre_payload_attributes`.
            return Ok(None);
        };

        // If the execution layer doesn't have any proposer data for this validator then we assume
        // it's not connected to this BN and no action is required.
        let proposer = pre_payload_attributes.proposer_index;
        if !self.config.always_prepare_payload
            && !execution_layer
                .has_proposer_preparation_data(proposer)
                .await
        {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        // Fetch payload attributes from the execution layer's cache, or compute them from scratch
        // if no matching entry is found. This saves recomputing the withdrawals which can take
        // considerable time to compute if a state load is required.
        let head_root = forkchoice_update_params.head_root;
        let payload_attributes = if let Some(payload_attributes) = execution_layer
            .payload_attributes(prepare_slot, head_root)
            .await
        {
            payload_attributes
        } else {
            let prepare_slot_fork = self.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<T::EthSpec>(prepare_slot);

            let withdrawals = if prepare_slot_fork.capella_enabled() {
                let chain = self.clone();
                self.spawn_blocking_handle(
                    move || chain.get_expected_withdrawals(&forkchoice_update_params, prepare_slot),
                    "prepare_beacon_proposer_withdrawals",
                )
                .await?
                .map(Some)?
            } else {
                None
            };

            let parent_beacon_block_root = if prepare_slot_fork.deneb_enabled() {
                Some(pre_payload_attributes.parent_beacon_block_root)
            } else {
                None
            };

            let payload_attributes = PayloadAttributes::new(
                self.slot_clock
                    .start_of(prepare_slot)
                    .ok_or(Error::InvalidSlot(prepare_slot))?
                    .as_secs(),
                pre_payload_attributes.prev_randao,
                execution_layer.get_suggested_fee_recipient(proposer).await,
                withdrawals.map(Into::into),
                parent_beacon_block_root,
            );

            execution_layer
                .insert_proposer(
                    prepare_slot,
                    head_root,
                    proposer,
                    payload_attributes.clone(),
                )
                .await;

            // Only push a log to the user if this is the first time we've seen this proposer for
            // this slot.
            info!(
                %prepare_slot,
                validator = proposer,
                parent_root = ?head_root,
                "Prepared beacon proposer"
            );
            payload_attributes
        };

        // Push a server-sent event (probably to a block builder or relay).
        if let Some(event_handler) = &self.event_handler {
            if event_handler.has_payload_attributes_subscribers() {
                event_handler.register(EventKind::PayloadAttributes(ForkVersionedResponse {
                    data: SseExtendedPayloadAttributes {
                        proposal_slot: prepare_slot,
                        proposer_index: proposer,
                        parent_block_root: head_root,
                        parent_block_number: pre_payload_attributes.parent_block_number,
                        parent_block_hash: forkchoice_update_params.head_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
                        payload_attributes: payload_attributes.into(),
                    },
                    metadata: Default::default(),
                    version: self.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<T::EthSpec>(prepare_slot),
                }));
            }
        }

        let Some(till_prepare_slot) = self.slot_clock.duration_to_slot(prepare_slot) else {
            // `SlotClock::duration_to_slot` will return `None` when we are past the start
            // of `prepare_slot`. Don't bother sending a `forkchoiceUpdated` in that case,
            // it's too late.
            //
            // This scenario might occur on an overloaded/under-resourced node.
            warn!(
                %prepare_slot,
                validator = proposer,
                "Delayed proposer preparation"
            );
            return Ok(None);
        };

        // If we are close enough to the proposal slot, send an fcU, which will have payload
        // attributes filled in by the execution layer cache we just primed.
        if self.config.always_prepare_payload
            || till_prepare_slot <= self.config.prepare_payload_lookahead
        {
            debug!(
                ?till_prepare_slot,
                %prepare_slot,
                "Sending forkchoiceUpdate for proposer prep"
            );

            self.update_execution_engine_forkchoice(
                current_slot,
                forkchoice_update_params,
                OverrideForkchoiceUpdate::AlreadyApplied,
            )
            .await?;
        }

        Ok(Some(head_root))
    }

    pub async fn update_execution_engine_forkchoice(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        current_slot: Slot,
        input_params: ForkchoiceUpdateParameters,
        override_forkchoice_update: OverrideForkchoiceUpdate,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let next_slot = current_slot + 1;

        // There is no need to issue a `forkchoiceUpdated` (fcU) message unless the Bellatrix fork
        // has:
        //
        // 1. Already happened.
        // 2. Will happen in the next slot.
        //
        // The reason for a fcU message in the slot prior to the Bellatrix fork is in case the
        // terminal difficulty has already been reached and a payload preparation message needs to
        // be issued.
        if self.slot_is_prior_to_bellatrix(next_slot) {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let execution_layer = self
            .execution_layer
            .as_ref()
            .ok_or(Error::ExecutionLayerMissing)?;

        // Determine whether to override the forkchoiceUpdated message if we want to re-org
        // the current head at the next slot.
        let params = if override_forkchoice_update == OverrideForkchoiceUpdate::Yes {
            let chain = self.clone();
            self.spawn_blocking_handle(
                move || chain.overridden_forkchoice_update_params(input_params),
                "update_execution_engine_forkchoice_override",
            )
            .await??
        } else {
            input_params
        };

        // Take the global lock for updating the execution engine fork choice.
        //
        // Whilst holding this lock we must:
        //
        // 1. Read the canonical head.
        // 2. Issue a forkchoiceUpdated call to the execution engine.
        //
        // This will allow us to ensure that we provide the execution layer with an *ordered* view
        // of the head. I.e., we will never communicate a past head after communicating a later
        // one.
        //
        // There is a "deadlock warning" in this function. The downside of this nice ordering is the
        // potential for deadlock. I would advise against any other use of
        // `execution_engine_forkchoice_lock` apart from the one here.
        let forkchoice_lock = execution_layer.execution_engine_forkchoice_lock().await;

        let (head_block_root, head_hash, justified_hash, finalized_hash) =
            if let Some(head_hash) = params.head_hash {
                (
                    params.head_root,
                    head_hash,
                    params
                        .justified_hash
                        .unwrap_or_else(ExecutionBlockHash::zero),
                    params
                        .finalized_hash
                        .unwrap_or_else(ExecutionBlockHash::zero),
                )
            } else {
                // The head block does not have an execution block hash. We must check to see if we
                // happen to be the proposer of the transition block, in which case we still need to
                // send forkchoice_updated.
                if self
                    .spec
                    .fork_name_at_slot::<T::EthSpec>(next_slot)
                    .bellatrix_enabled()
                {
                    // We are post-bellatrix
                    if let Some(payload_attributes) = execution_layer
                        .payload_attributes(next_slot, params.head_root)
                        .await
                    {
                        // We are a proposer, check for terminal_pow_block_hash
                        if let Some(terminal_pow_block_hash) = execution_layer
                            .get_terminal_pow_block_hash(&self.spec, payload_attributes.timestamp())
                            .await
                            .map_err(Error::ForkchoiceUpdate)?
                        {
                            info!(
                                slot = %next_slot,
                                "Prepared POS transition block proposer"
                            );
                            (
                                params.head_root,
                                terminal_pow_block_hash,
                                params
                                    .justified_hash
                                    .unwrap_or_else(ExecutionBlockHash::zero),
                                params
                                    .finalized_hash
                                    .unwrap_or_else(ExecutionBlockHash::zero),
                            )
                        } else {
                            // TTD hasn't been reached yet, no need to update the EL.
                            return Ok(());
                        }
                    } else {
                        // We are not a proposer, no need to update the EL.
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                } else {
                    return Ok(());
                }
            };

        let forkchoice_updated_response = execution_layer
            .notify_forkchoice_updated(
                head_hash,
                justified_hash,
                finalized_hash,
                current_slot,
                head_block_root,
            )
            .await
            .map_err(Error::ExecutionForkChoiceUpdateFailed);

        // The head has been read and the execution layer has been updated. It is now valid to send
        // another fork choice update.
        drop(forkchoice_lock);

        match forkchoice_updated_response {
            Ok(status) => match status {
                PayloadStatus::Valid => {
                    // Ensure that fork choice knows that the block is no longer optimistic.
                    let chain = self.clone();
                    let fork_choice_update_result = self
                        .spawn_blocking_handle(
                            move || {
                                chain
                                    .canonical_head
                                    .fork_choice_write_lock()
                                    .on_valid_execution_payload(head_block_root)
                            },
                            "update_execution_engine_valid_payload",
                        )
                        .await?;
                    if let Err(e) = fork_choice_update_result {
                        error!(
                            error= ?e,
                            "Failed to validate payload"
                        )
                    };
                    Ok(())
                }
                // There's nothing to be done for a syncing response. If the block is already
                // `SYNCING` in fork choice, there's nothing to do. If already known to be `VALID`
                // or `INVALID` then we don't want to change it to syncing.
                PayloadStatus::Syncing => Ok(()),
                // The specification doesn't list `ACCEPTED` as a valid response to a fork choice
                // update. This response *seems* innocent enough, so we won't return early with an
                // error. However, we create a log to bring attention to the issue.
                PayloadStatus::Accepted => {
                    warn!(
                        msg = "execution engine provided an unexpected response to a fork \
                        choice update. although this is not a serious issue, please raise \
                        an issue.",
                        "Fork choice update received ACCEPTED"
                    );
                    Ok(())
                }
                PayloadStatus::Invalid {
                    latest_valid_hash,
                    ref validation_error,
                } => {
                    warn!(
                        ?validation_error,
                        ?latest_valid_hash,
                        ?head_hash,
                        head_block_root = ?head_block_root,
                        method = "fcU",
                        "Invalid execution payload"
                    );

                    match latest_valid_hash {
                        // The `latest_valid_hash` is set to `None` when the EE
                        // "cannot determine the ancestor of the invalid
                        // payload". In such a scenario we should only
                        // invalidate the head block and nothing else.
                        None => {
                            self.process_invalid_execution_payload(
                                &InvalidationOperation::InvalidateOne {
                                    block_root: head_block_root,
                                },
                            )
                            .await?;
                        }
                        // An all-zeros execution block hash implies that
                        // the terminal block was invalid. We are being
                        // explicit in invalidating only the head block in
                        // this case.
                        Some(hash) if hash == ExecutionBlockHash::zero() => {
                            self.process_invalid_execution_payload(
                                &InvalidationOperation::InvalidateOne {
                                    block_root: head_block_root,
                                },
                            )
                            .await?;
                        }
                        // The execution engine has stated that all blocks between the
                        // `head_execution_block_hash` and `latest_valid_hash` are invalid.
                        Some(latest_valid_hash) => {
                            self.process_invalid_execution_payload(
                                &InvalidationOperation::InvalidateMany {
                                    head_block_root,
                                    always_invalidate_head: true,
                                    latest_valid_ancestor: latest_valid_hash,
                                },
                            )
                            .await?;
                        }
                    }

                    Err(BeaconChainError::ExecutionForkChoiceUpdateInvalid { status })
                }
                PayloadStatus::InvalidBlockHash {
                    ref validation_error,
                } => {
                    warn!(
                        ?validation_error,
                        ?head_hash,
                        ?head_block_root,
                        method = "fcU",
                        "Invalid execution payload block hash"
                    );
                    // The execution engine has stated that the head block is invalid, however it
                    // hasn't returned a latest valid ancestor.
                    //
                    // Using a `None` latest valid ancestor will result in only the head block
                    // being invalidated (no ancestors).
                    self.process_invalid_execution_payload(&InvalidationOperation::InvalidateOne {
                        block_root: head_block_root,
                    })
                    .await?;

                    Err(BeaconChainError::ExecutionForkChoiceUpdateInvalid { status })
                }
            },
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the given slot is prior to the `bellatrix_fork_epoch`.
    pub fn slot_is_prior_to_bellatrix(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        self.spec
            .bellatrix_fork_epoch
            .is_none_or(|bellatrix| slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()) < bellatrix)
    }

    /// Returns the value of `execution_optimistic` for `block`.
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(false)` if the block is pre-Bellatrix, or has `ExecutionStatus::Valid`.
    /// Returns `Ok(true)` if the block has `ExecutionStatus::Optimistic` or has
    /// `ExecutionStatus::Invalid`.
    pub fn is_optimistic_or_invalid_block<Payload: AbstractExecPayload<T::EthSpec>>(
        &self,
        block: &SignedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec, Payload>,
    ) -> Result<bool, BeaconChainError> {
        // Check if the block is pre-Bellatrix.
        if self.slot_is_prior_to_bellatrix(block.slot()) {
            Ok(false)
        } else {
            self.canonical_head
                .fork_choice_read_lock()
                .is_optimistic_or_invalid_block(&block.canonical_root())
                .map_err(BeaconChainError::ForkChoiceError)
        }
    }

    /// Returns the value of `execution_optimistic` for `head_block`.
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(false)` if the block is pre-Bellatrix, or has `ExecutionStatus::Valid`.
    /// Returns `Ok(true)` if the block has `ExecutionStatus::Optimistic` or `ExecutionStatus::Invalid`.
    ///
    /// This function will return an error if `head_block` is not present in the fork choice store
    /// and so should only be used on the head block or when the block *should* be present in the
    /// fork choice store.
    ///
    /// There is a potential race condition when syncing where the block_root of `head_block` could
    /// be pruned from the fork choice store before being read.
    pub fn is_optimistic_or_invalid_head_block<Payload: AbstractExecPayload<T::EthSpec>>(
        &self,
        head_block: &SignedBeaconBlock<T::EthSpec, Payload>,
    ) -> Result<bool, BeaconChainError> {
        // Check if the block is pre-Bellatrix.
        if self.slot_is_prior_to_bellatrix(head_block.slot()) {
            Ok(false)
        } else {
            self.canonical_head
                .fork_choice_read_lock()
                .is_optimistic_or_invalid_block_no_fallback(&head_block.canonical_root())
                .map_err(BeaconChainError::ForkChoiceError)
        }
    }

    /// Returns the value of `execution_optimistic` for the current head block.
    /// You can optionally provide `head_info` if it was computed previously.
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(false)` if the head block is pre-Bellatrix, or has `ExecutionStatus::Valid`.
    /// Returns `Ok(true)` if the head block has `ExecutionStatus::Optimistic` or `ExecutionStatus::Invalid`.
    ///
    /// There is a potential race condition when syncing where the block root of `head_info` could
    /// be pruned from the fork choice store before being read.
    pub fn is_optimistic_or_invalid_head(&self) -> Result<bool, BeaconChainError> {
        self.canonical_head
            .head_execution_status()
            .map(|status| status.is_optimistic_or_invalid())
    }

    pub fn is_optimistic_or_invalid_block_root(
        &self,
        block_slot: Slot,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<bool, BeaconChainError> {
        // Check if the block is pre-Bellatrix.
        if self.slot_is_prior_to_bellatrix(block_slot) {
            Ok(false)
        } else {
            self.canonical_head
                .fork_choice_read_lock()
                .is_optimistic_or_invalid_block_no_fallback(block_root)
                .map_err(BeaconChainError::ForkChoiceError)
        }
    }

    /// This function takes a configured weak subjectivity `Checkpoint` and the latest finalized `Checkpoint`.
    /// If the weak subjectivity checkpoint and finalized checkpoint share the same epoch, we compare
    /// roots. If we the weak subjectivity checkpoint is from an older epoch, we iterate back through
    /// roots in the canonical chain until we reach the finalized checkpoint from the correct epoch, and
    /// compare roots. This must called on startup and during verification of any block which causes a finality
    /// change affecting the weak subjectivity checkpoint.
    pub fn verify_weak_subjectivity_checkpoint(
        &self,
        wss_checkpoint: Checkpoint,
        beacon_block_root: Hash256,
        state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<(), BeaconChainError> {
        let finalized_checkpoint = state.finalized_checkpoint();
        info!(
            weak_subjectivity_epoch = %wss_checkpoint.epoch,
            weak_subjectivity_root = ?wss_checkpoint.root,
            "Verifying the configured weak subjectivity checkpoint"
        );
        // If epochs match, simply compare roots.
        if wss_checkpoint.epoch == finalized_checkpoint.epoch
            && wss_checkpoint.root != finalized_checkpoint.root
        {
            crit!(
                weak_subjectivity_root = ?wss_checkpoint.root,
                finalized_checkpoint_root = ?finalized_checkpoint.root,
                 "Root found at the specified checkpoint differs"
            );
            return Err(BeaconChainError::WeakSubjectivtyVerificationFailure);
        } else if wss_checkpoint.epoch < finalized_checkpoint.epoch {
            let slot = wss_checkpoint
                .epoch
                .start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());

            // Iterate backwards through block roots from the given state. If first slot of the epoch is a skip-slot,
            // this will return the root of the closest prior non-skipped slot.
            match self.root_at_slot_from_state(slot, beacon_block_root, state)? {
                Some(root) => {
                    if root != wss_checkpoint.root {
                        crit!(
                            weak_subjectivity_root = ?wss_checkpoint.root,
                            finalized_checkpoint_root = ?finalized_checkpoint.root,
                             "Root found at the specified checkpoint differs"
                        );
                        return Err(BeaconChainError::WeakSubjectivtyVerificationFailure);
                    }
                }
                None => {
                    crit!(
                        wss_checkpoint_slot = ?slot,
                        "The root at the start slot of the given epoch could not be found"
                    );
                    return Err(BeaconChainError::WeakSubjectivtyVerificationFailure);
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Called by the timer on every slot.
    ///
    /// Note: this function **MUST** be called from a non-async context since
    /// it contains a call to `fork_choice` which may eventually call
    /// `tokio::runtime::block_on` in certain cases.
    pub async fn per_slot_task(self: &Arc<Self>) {
        if let Some(slot) = self.slot_clock.now() {
            debug!(?slot, "Running beacon chain per slot tasks");

            // Always run the light-weight pruning tasks (these structures should be empty during
            // sync anyway).
            self.naive_aggregation_pool.write().prune(slot);
            self.block_times_cache.write().prune(slot);

            // Don't run heavy-weight tasks during sync.
            if self.best_slot() + MAX_PER_SLOT_FORK_CHOICE_DISTANCE < slot {
                return;
            }

            // Run fork choice and signal to any waiting task that it has completed.
            self.recompute_head_at_current_slot().await;

            // Send the notification regardless of fork choice success, this is a "best effort"
            // notification and we don't want block production to hit the timeout in case of error.
            // Use a blocking task to avoid blocking the core executor whilst waiting for locks
            // in `ForkChoiceSignalTx`.
            let chain = self.clone();
            self.task_executor.clone().spawn_blocking(
                move || {
                    // Signal block proposal for the next slot (if it happens to be waiting).
                    if let Some(tx) = &chain.fork_choice_signal_tx {
                        if let Err(e) = tx.notify_fork_choice_complete(slot) {
                            warn!(
                                error = ?e,
                                %slot,
                                "Error signalling fork choice waiter"
                            );
                        }
                    }
                },
                "per_slot_task_fc_signal_tx",
            );
        }
    }

    /// Runs the `map_fn` with the committee cache for `shuffling_epoch` from the chain with head
    /// `head_block_root`. The `map_fn` will be supplied two values:
    ///
    /// - `&CommitteeCache`: the committee cache that serves the given parameters.
    /// - `Hash256`: the "shuffling decision root" which uniquely identifies the `CommitteeCache`.
    ///
    /// It's not necessary that `head_block_root` matches our current view of the chain, it can be
    /// any block that is:
    ///
    /// - Known to us.
    /// - The finalized block or a descendant of the finalized block.
    ///
    /// It would be quite common for attestation verification operations to use a `head_block_root`
    /// that differs from our view of the head.
    ///
    /// ## Important
    ///
    /// This function is **not** suitable for determining proposer duties (only attester duties).
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// This function exists in this odd "map" pattern because efficiently obtaining a committee
    /// can be complex. It might involve reading straight from the `beacon_chain.shuffling_cache`
    /// or it might involve reading it from a state from the DB. Due to the complexities of
    /// `RwLock`s on the shuffling cache, a simple `Cow` isn't suitable here.
    ///
    /// If the committee for `(head_block_root, shuffling_epoch)` isn't found in the
    /// `shuffling_cache`, we will read a state from disk and then update the `shuffling_cache`.
    pub fn with_committee_cache<F, R>(
        &self,
        head_block_root: Hash256,
        shuffling_epoch: Epoch,
        map_fn: F,
    ) -> Result<R, Error>
    where
        F: Fn(&CommitteeCache, Hash256) -> Result<R, Error>,
    {
        let head_block = self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_block(&head_block_root)
            .ok_or(Error::MissingBeaconBlock(head_block_root))?;

        let shuffling_id = BlockShufflingIds {
            current: head_block.current_epoch_shuffling_id.clone(),
            next: head_block.next_epoch_shuffling_id.clone(),
            previous: None,
            block_root: head_block.root,
        }
        .id_for_epoch(shuffling_epoch)
        .ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidShufflingId {
            shuffling_epoch,
            head_block_epoch: head_block.slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()),
        })?;

        // Obtain the shuffling cache, timing how long we wait.
        let mut shuffling_cache = {
            let _ =
                metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_SHUFFLING_CACHE_WAIT_TIMES);
            self.shuffling_cache.write()
        };

        if let Some(cache_item) = shuffling_cache.get(&shuffling_id) {
            // The shuffling cache is no longer required, drop the write-lock to allow concurrent
            // access.
            drop(shuffling_cache);

            let committee_cache = cache_item.wait()?;
            map_fn(&committee_cache, shuffling_id.shuffling_decision_block)
        } else {
            // Create an entry in the cache that "promises" this value will eventually be computed.
            // This avoids the case where multiple threads attempt to produce the same value at the
            // same time.
            //
            // Creating the promise whilst we hold the `shuffling_cache` lock will prevent the same
            // promise from being created twice.
            let sender = shuffling_cache.create_promise(shuffling_id.clone())?;

            // Drop the shuffling cache to avoid holding the lock for any longer than
            // required.
            drop(shuffling_cache);

            debug!(
                shuffling_id = ?shuffling_epoch,
                head_block_root = head_block_root.to_string(),
                "Committee cache miss"
            );

            // If the block's state will be so far ahead of `shuffling_epoch` that even its
            // previous epoch committee cache will be too new, then error. Callers of this function
            // shouldn't be requesting such old shufflings for this `head_block_root`.
            let head_block_epoch = head_block.slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
            if head_block_epoch > shuffling_epoch + 1 {
                return Err(Error::InvalidStateForShuffling {
                    state_epoch: head_block_epoch,
                    shuffling_epoch,
                });
            }

            let state_read_timer =
                metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_STATE_READ_TIMES);

            // If the head of the chain can serve this request, use it.
            //
            // This code is a little awkward because we need to ensure that the head we read and
            // the head we copy is identical. Taking one lock to read the head values and another
            // to copy the head is liable to race-conditions.
            let head_state_opt = self.with_head(|head| {
                if head.beacon_block_root == head_block_root {
                    Ok(Some((head.beacon_state.clone(), head.beacon_state_root())))
                } else {
                    Ok::<_, Error>(None)
                }
            })?;

            // Compute the `target_slot` to advance the block's state to.
            //
            // Since there's a one-epoch look-ahead on the attester shuffling, it suffices to
            // only advance into the first slot of the epoch prior to `shuffling_epoch`.
            //
            // If the `head_block` is already ahead of that slot, then we should load the state
            // at that slot, as we've determined above that the `shuffling_epoch` cache will
            // not be too far in the past.
            let target_slot = std::cmp::max(
                shuffling_epoch
                    .saturating_sub(1_u64)
                    .start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()),
                head_block.slot,
            );

            // If the head state is useful for this request, use it. Otherwise, read a state from
            // disk that is advanced as close as possible to `target_slot`.
            let (mut state, state_root) = if let Some((state, state_root)) = head_state_opt {
                (state, state_root)
            } else {
                let (state_root, state) = self
                    .store
                    .get_advanced_hot_state(head_block_root, target_slot, head_block.state_root)?
                    .ok_or(Error::MissingBeaconState(head_block.state_root))?;
                (state, state_root)
            };

            metrics::stop_timer(state_read_timer);
            let state_skip_timer =
                metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_STATE_SKIP_TIMES);

            // If the state is still in an earlier epoch, advance it to the `target_slot` so
            // that its next epoch committee cache matches the `shuffling_epoch`.
            if state.current_epoch() + 1 < shuffling_epoch {
                // Advance the state into the required slot, using the "partial" method since the
                // state roots are not relevant for the shuffling.
                partial_state_advance(&mut state, Some(state_root), target_slot, &self.spec)?;
            }
            metrics::stop_timer(state_skip_timer);

            let committee_building_timer =
                metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_COMMITTEE_BUILDING_TIMES);

            let relative_epoch = RelativeEpoch::from_epoch(state.current_epoch(), shuffling_epoch)
                .map_err(Error::IncorrectStateForAttestation)?;

            state.build_committee_cache(relative_epoch, &self.spec)?;

            let committee_cache = state.committee_cache(relative_epoch)?.clone();
            let shuffling_decision_block = shuffling_id.shuffling_decision_block;

            self.shuffling_cache
                .write()
                .insert_committee_cache(shuffling_id, &committee_cache);

            metrics::stop_timer(committee_building_timer);

            sender.send(committee_cache.clone());

            map_fn(&committee_cache, shuffling_decision_block)
        }
    }

    /// Dumps the entire canonical chain, from the head to genesis to a vector for analysis.
    ///
    /// This could be a very expensive operation and should only be done in testing/analysis
    /// activities.
    ///
    /// This dump function previously used a backwards iterator but has been swapped to a forwards
    /// iterator as it allows for MUCH better caching and rebasing. Memory usage of some tests went
    /// from 5GB per test to 90MB.
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn chain_dump(
        &self,
    ) -> Result<Vec<BeaconSnapshot<T::EthSpec, BlindedPayload<T::EthSpec>>>, Error> {
        self.chain_dump_from_slot(Slot::new(0))
    }

    /// As for `chain_dump` but dumping only the portion of the chain newer than `from_slot`.
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn chain_dump_from_slot(
        &self,
        from_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Vec<BeaconSnapshot<T::EthSpec, BlindedPayload<T::EthSpec>>>, Error> {
        let mut dump = vec![];

        let mut prev_block_root = None;
        let mut prev_beacon_state = None;

        for res in self.forwards_iter_block_roots(from_slot)? {
            let (beacon_block_root, _) = res?;

            // Do not include snapshots at skipped slots.
            if Some(beacon_block_root) == prev_block_root {
                continue;
            }
            prev_block_root = Some(beacon_block_root);

            let beacon_block = self
                .store
                .get_blinded_block(&beacon_block_root)?
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    Error::DBInconsistent(format!("Missing block {}", beacon_block_root))
                })?;
            let beacon_state_root = beacon_block.state_root();

            // This branch is reached from the HTTP API. We assume the user wants
            // to cache states so that future calls are faster.
            let mut beacon_state = self
                .store
                .get_state(&beacon_state_root, Some(beacon_block.slot()), true)?
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    Error::DBInconsistent(format!("Missing state {:?}", beacon_state_root))
                })?;

            // This beacon state might come from the freezer DB, which means it could have pending
            // updates or lots of untethered memory. We rebase it on the previous state in order to
            // address this.
            beacon_state.apply_pending_mutations()?;
            if let Some(prev) = prev_beacon_state {
                beacon_state.rebase_on(&prev, &self.spec)?;
            }
            beacon_state.build_caches(&self.spec)?;
            prev_beacon_state = Some(beacon_state.clone());

            let snapshot = BeaconSnapshot {
                beacon_block: Arc::new(beacon_block),
                beacon_block_root,
                beacon_state,
            };
            dump.push(snapshot);
        }
        Ok(dump)
    }

    /// Gets the current `EnrForkId`.
    pub fn enr_fork_id(&self) -> EnrForkId {
        // If we are unable to read the slot clock we assume that it is prior to genesis and
        // therefore use the genesis slot.
        let slot = self.slot().unwrap_or(self.spec.genesis_slot);

        self.spec
            .enr_fork_id::<T::EthSpec>(slot, self.genesis_validators_root)
    }

    /// Returns the fork_digest corresponding to an epoch.
    /// See [`ChainSpec::compute_fork_digest`]
    pub fn compute_fork_digest(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> [u8; 4] {
        self.spec
            .compute_fork_digest(self.genesis_validators_root, epoch)
    }

    /// Calculates the `Duration` to the next fork digest (this could be either a regular or BPO
    /// hard fork) if it exists and returns it with its corresponding `Epoch`.
    pub fn duration_to_next_digest(&self) -> Option<(Epoch, Duration)> {
        // If we are unable to read the slot clock we assume that it is prior to genesis and
        // therefore use the genesis slot.
        let slot = self.slot().unwrap_or(self.spec.genesis_slot);
        let epoch = slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());

        let next_digest_epoch = self.spec.next_digest_epoch(epoch)?;
        let next_digest_slot = next_digest_epoch.start_slot(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());

        self.slot_clock
            .duration_to_slot(next_digest_slot)
            .map(|duration| (next_digest_epoch, duration))
    }

    /// This method serves to get a sense of the current chain health. It is used in block proposal
    /// to determine whether we should outsource payload production duties.
    ///
    /// Since we are likely calling this during the slot we are going to propose in, don't take into
    /// account the current slot when accounting for skips.
    pub fn is_healthy(&self, parent_root: &Hash256) -> Result<ChainHealth, Error> {
        let cached_head = self.canonical_head.cached_head();
        if let Some(head_hash) = cached_head.forkchoice_update_parameters().head_hash {
            if ExecutionBlockHash::zero() == head_hash {
                return Ok(ChainHealth::PreMerge);
            }
        } else {
            return Ok(ChainHealth::PreMerge);
        };

        // Check that the parent is NOT optimistic.
        if let Some(execution_status) = self
            .canonical_head
            .fork_choice_read_lock()
            .get_block_execution_status(parent_root)
        {
            if execution_status.is_strictly_optimistic() {
                return Ok(ChainHealth::Optimistic);
            }
        }

        if self.config.builder_fallback_disable_checks {
            return Ok(ChainHealth::Healthy);
        }

        let current_slot = self.slot()?;

        // Check slots at the head of the chain.
        let prev_slot = current_slot.saturating_sub(Slot::new(1));
        let head_skips = prev_slot.saturating_sub(cached_head.head_slot());
        let head_skips_check = head_skips.as_usize() <= self.config.builder_fallback_skips;

        // Check if finalization is advancing.
        let current_epoch = current_slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        let epochs_since_finalization =
            current_epoch.saturating_sub(cached_head.finalized_checkpoint().epoch);
        let finalization_check = epochs_since_finalization.as_usize()
            <= self.config.builder_fallback_epochs_since_finalization;

        // Check skip slots in the last `SLOTS_PER_EPOCH`.
        let start_slot = current_slot.saturating_sub(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
        let mut epoch_skips = 0;
        for slot in start_slot.as_u64()..current_slot.as_u64() {
            if self
                .block_root_at_slot_skips_none(Slot::new(slot))?
                .is_none()
            {
                epoch_skips += 1;
            }
        }
        let epoch_skips_check = epoch_skips <= self.config.builder_fallback_skips_per_epoch;

        if !head_skips_check {
            Ok(ChainHealth::Unhealthy(FailedCondition::Skips))
        } else if !finalization_check {
            Ok(ChainHealth::Unhealthy(
                FailedCondition::EpochsSinceFinalization,
            ))
        } else if !epoch_skips_check {
            Ok(ChainHealth::Unhealthy(FailedCondition::SkipsPerEpoch))
        } else {
            Ok(ChainHealth::Healthy)
        }
    }

    pub fn dump_as_dot<W: Write>(&self, output: &mut W) {
        let canonical_head_hash = self.canonical_head.cached_head().head_block_root();
        let mut visited: HashSet<Hash256> = HashSet::new();
        let mut finalized_blocks: HashSet<Hash256> = HashSet::new();
        let mut justified_blocks: HashSet<Hash256> = HashSet::new();

        let genesis_block_hash = Hash256::zero();
        writeln!(output, "digraph beacon {{").unwrap();
        writeln!(output, "\t_{:?}[label=\"zero\"];", genesis_block_hash).unwrap();

        // Canonical head needs to be processed first as otherwise finalized blocks aren't detected
        // properly.
        let heads = {
            let mut heads = self.heads();
            let canonical_head_index = heads
                .iter()
                .position(|(block_hash, _)| *block_hash == canonical_head_hash)
                .unwrap();
            let (canonical_head_hash, canonical_head_slot) =
                heads.swap_remove(canonical_head_index);
            heads.insert(0, (canonical_head_hash, canonical_head_slot));
            heads
        };

        for (head_hash, _head_slot) in heads {
            for maybe_pair in ParentRootBlockIterator::new(&*self.store, head_hash) {
                let (block_hash, signed_beacon_block) = maybe_pair.unwrap();
                if visited.contains(&block_hash) {
                    break;
                }
                visited.insert(block_hash);

                if signed_beacon_block.slot() % T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch() == 0 {
                    let block = self.get_blinded_block(&block_hash).unwrap().unwrap();
                    // This branch is reached from the HTTP API. We assume the user wants
                    // to cache states so that future calls are faster.
                    let state = self
                        .get_state(&block.state_root(), Some(block.slot()), true)
                        .unwrap()
                        .unwrap();
                    finalized_blocks.insert(state.finalized_checkpoint().root);
                    justified_blocks.insert(state.current_justified_checkpoint().root);
                    justified_blocks.insert(state.previous_justified_checkpoint().root);
                }

                if block_hash == canonical_head_hash {
                    writeln!(
                        output,
                        "\t_{:?}[label=\"{} ({})\" shape=box3d];",
                        block_hash,
                        block_hash,
                        signed_beacon_block.slot()
                    )
                    .unwrap();
                } else if finalized_blocks.contains(&block_hash) {
                    writeln!(
                        output,
                        "\t_{:?}[label=\"{} ({})\" shape=Msquare];",
                        block_hash,
                        block_hash,
                        signed_beacon_block.slot()
                    )
                    .unwrap();
                } else if justified_blocks.contains(&block_hash) {
                    writeln!(
                        output,
                        "\t_{:?}[label=\"{} ({})\" shape=cds];",
                        block_hash,
                        block_hash,
                        signed_beacon_block.slot()
                    )
                    .unwrap();
                } else {
                    writeln!(
                        output,
                        "\t_{:?}[label=\"{} ({})\" shape=box];",
                        block_hash,
                        block_hash,
                        signed_beacon_block.slot()
                    )
                    .unwrap();
                }
                writeln!(
                    output,
                    "\t_{:?} -> _{:?};",
                    block_hash,
                    signed_beacon_block.parent_root()
                )
                .unwrap();
            }
        }

        writeln!(output, "}}").unwrap();
    }

    /// Get a channel to request shutting down.
    pub fn shutdown_sender(&self) -> Sender<ShutdownReason> {
        self.shutdown_sender.clone()
    }

    // Used for debugging
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub fn dump_dot_file(&self, file_name: &str) {
        let mut file = std::fs::File::create(file_name).unwrap();
        self.dump_as_dot(&mut file);
    }

    /// Checks if attestations have been seen from the given `validator_index` at the
    /// given `epoch`.
    pub fn validator_seen_at_epoch(&self, validator_index: usize, epoch: Epoch) -> bool {
        // It's necessary to assign these checks to intermediate variables to avoid a deadlock.
        //
        // See: https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/2230#discussion_r620013993
        let gossip_attested = self
            .observed_gossip_attesters
            .read()
            .index_seen_at_epoch(validator_index, epoch);
        let block_attested = self
            .observed_block_attesters
            .read()
            .index_seen_at_epoch(validator_index, epoch);
        let aggregated = self
            .observed_aggregators
            .read()
            .index_seen_at_epoch(validator_index, epoch);
        let produced_block = self
            .observed_block_producers
            .read()
            .index_seen_at_epoch(validator_index as u64, epoch);

        gossip_attested || block_attested || aggregated || produced_block
    }

    /// The epoch at which we require a data availability check in block processing.
    /// `None` if the `Deneb` fork is disabled.
    pub fn data_availability_boundary(&self) -> Option<Epoch> {
        self.data_availability_checker.data_availability_boundary()
    }

    /// Returns true if epoch is within the data availability boundary
    pub fn da_check_required_for_epoch(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> bool {
        self.data_availability_checker
            .da_check_required_for_epoch(epoch)
    }

    /// Returns true if we should fetch blobs for this block
    pub fn should_fetch_blobs(&self, block_epoch: Epoch) -> bool {
        self.da_check_required_for_epoch(block_epoch)
            && !self.spec.is_peer_das_enabled_for_epoch(block_epoch)
    }

    /// Returns true if we should fetch custody columns for this block
    pub fn should_fetch_custody_columns(&self, block_epoch: Epoch) -> bool {
        self.da_check_required_for_epoch(block_epoch)
            && self.spec.is_peer_das_enabled_for_epoch(block_epoch)
    }

    /// Returns true if we should issue a sampling request for this block
    /// TODO(das): check if the block is still within the da_window
    pub fn should_sample_slot(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        self.config.enable_sampling
            && self
                .spec
                .is_peer_das_enabled_for_epoch(slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch()))
    }

    /// Gets the `LightClientBootstrap` object for a requested block root.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` when the state or block is not found in the database.
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn get_light_client_bootstrap(
        &self,
        block_root: &Hash256,
    ) -> Result<Option<(LightClientBootstrap<T::EthSpec>, ForkName)>, Error> {
        let head_state = &self.head().snapshot.beacon_state;
        let finalized_period = head_state
            .finalized_checkpoint()
            .epoch
            .sync_committee_period(&self.spec)?;
        self.light_client_server_cache.get_light_client_bootstrap(
            &self.store,
            block_root,
            finalized_period,
            &self.spec,
        )
    }

    pub fn metrics(&self) -> BeaconChainMetrics {
        BeaconChainMetrics {
            reqresp_pre_import_cache_len: self.reqresp_pre_import_cache.read().len(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn get_blobs_or_columns_store_op(
        &self,
        block_root: Hash256,
        block_data: AvailableBlockData<T::EthSpec>,
    ) -> Result<Option<StoreOp<'_, T::EthSpec>>, String> {
        match block_data {
            AvailableBlockData::NoData => Ok(None),
            AvailableBlockData::Blobs(blobs) => {
                debug!(
                    %block_root,
                    count = blobs.len(),
                    "Writing blobs to store"
                );
                Ok(Some(StoreOp::PutBlobs(block_root, blobs)))
            }
            AvailableBlockData::DataColumns(data_columns) => {
                debug!(
                    %block_root,
                    count = data_columns.len(),
                    "Writing data columns to store"
                );
                Ok(Some(StoreOp::PutDataColumns(block_root, data_columns)))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Retrieves block roots (in ascending slot order) within some slot range from fork choice.
    pub fn block_roots_from_fork_choice(&self, start_slot: u64, count: u64) -> Vec<Hash256> {
        let head_block_root = self.canonical_head.cached_head().head_block_root();
        let fork_choice_read_lock = self.canonical_head.fork_choice_read_lock();
        let block_roots_iter = fork_choice_read_lock
            .proto_array()
            .iter_block_roots(&head_block_root);
        let end_slot = start_slot.saturating_add(count);
        let mut roots = vec![];

        for (root, slot) in block_roots_iter {
            if slot < end_slot && slot >= start_slot {
                roots.push(root);
            }
            if slot < start_slot {
                break;
            }
        }

        drop(fork_choice_read_lock);
        // return in ascending slot order
        roots.reverse();
        roots
    }
}

impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> Drop for BeaconChain<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let drop = || -> Result<(), Error> {
            self.persist_fork_choice()?;
            self.persist_op_pool()?;
            self.persist_custody_context()
        };

        if let Err(e) = drop() {
            error!(
                error = ?e,
                "Failed to persist on BeaconChain drop"
            )
        } else {
            info!("Saved beacon chain to disk")
        }
    }
}

impl From<DBError> for Error {
    fn from(e: DBError) -> Error {
        Error::DBError(e)
    }
}

impl From<ForkChoiceError> for Error {
    fn from(e: ForkChoiceError) -> Error {
        Error::ForkChoiceError(e)
    }
}

impl From<BeaconStateError> for Error {
    fn from(e: BeaconStateError) -> Error {
        Error::BeaconStateError(e)
    }
}

impl ChainSegmentResult {
    pub fn into_block_error(self) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
        match self {
            ChainSegmentResult::Failed { error, .. } => Err(error),
            ChainSegmentResult::Successful { .. } => Ok(()),
        }
    }
}