diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts
index 56e328974cd708..b10a2e0cd23a01 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ function handleParseError(
 /**
  * Compiles index.html into an entry js module
  */
-export function buildHtmlPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
+export function htmlPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
   const [preHooks, normalHooks, postHooks] = resolveHtmlTransforms(
     config.plugins,
   )
@@ -345,9 +345,15 @@ export function buildHtmlPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
   // Same reason with `htmlInlineProxyPlugin`
   isAsyncScriptMap.set(config, new Map())
 
+  let server: ViteDevServer | undefined
+
   return {
     name: 'vite:build-html',
 
+    configureServer(s) {
+      server = s
+    },
+
     transform: {
       async handler(html, id) {
         if (id.endsWith('.html')) {
@@ -356,6 +362,15 @@ export function buildHtmlPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
           const publicPath = `/${relativeUrlPath}`
           const publicBase = getBaseInHTML(relativeUrlPath, config)
 
+          if (server) {
+            const result = await server.transformIndexHtml(publicPath, html)
+            return {
+              code: '',
+              map: { mappings: '' },
+              meta: { 'vite:build-html': result },
+            }
+          }
+
           const publicToRelative = (filename: string) => publicBase + filename
           const toOutputPublicFilePath = (url: string) =>
             toOutputFilePathInHtml(
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/index.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/index.ts
index 82d87ab1f621b7..7e7eeb093933ae 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/index.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { importAnalysisPlugin } from './importAnalysis'
 import { cssAnalysisPlugin, cssPlugin, cssPostPlugin } from './css'
 import { assetPlugin } from './asset'
 import { clientInjectionsPlugin } from './clientInjections'
-import { buildHtmlPlugin, htmlInlineProxyPlugin } from './html'
+import { htmlInlineProxyPlugin, htmlPlugin } from './html'
 import { wasmFallbackPlugin, wasmHelperPlugin } from './wasm'
 import { modulePreloadPolyfillPlugin } from './modulePreloadPolyfill'
 import { webWorkerPlugin } from './worker'
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ export async function resolvePlugins(
     wasmFallbackPlugin(),
     definePlugin(config),
     cssPostPlugin(config),
-    isBuild && buildHtmlPlugin(config),
+    htmlPlugin(config),
     workerImportMetaUrlPlugin(config),
     assetImportMetaUrlPlugin(config),
     ...buildPlugins.pre,
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts
index 22b122bee9ff09..78743092c31fb0 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ const processNodeUrl = (
   useSrcSetReplacer: boolean,
   config: ResolvedConfig,
   htmlPath: string,
-  originalUrl?: string,
+  _originalUrl?: string,
   server?: ViteDevServer,
   isClassicScriptLink?: boolean,
 ): string => {
@@ -145,26 +145,15 @@ const processNodeUrl = (
       // rewrite `./index.js` -> `localhost:5173/a/index.js`.
       // rewrite `../index.js` -> `localhost:5173/index.js`.
       // rewrite `relative/index.js` -> `localhost:5173/a/relative/index.js`.
-      ((url[0] === '.' || isBareRelative(url)) &&
-        originalUrl &&
-        originalUrl !== '/' &&
-        htmlPath === '/index.html')
+      url[0] === '.' ||
+      isBareRelative(url)
     ) {
-      url = path.posix.join(config.base, url)
+      url = path.posix.join(config.base, path.posix.dirname(htmlPath), url)
     }
 
     let preTransformUrl: string | undefined
-
     if (!isClassicScriptLink && shouldPreTransform(url, config)) {
-      if (url[0] === '/' && url[1] !== '/') {
-        preTransformUrl = url
-      } else if (url[0] === '.' || isBareRelative(url)) {
-        preTransformUrl = path.posix.join(
-          config.base,
-          path.posix.dirname(htmlPath),
-          url,
-        )
-      }
+      preTransformUrl = url
     }
 
     if (server) {
@@ -369,6 +358,11 @@ const devHtmlHook: IndexHtmlTransformHook = async (
         }
       }),
     )
+
+    const module = await clientModuelGraph.getModuleById(filename)
+    if (module) {
+      clientModuelGraph.invalidateModule(module)
+    }
   }
 
   await Promise.all([
@@ -463,9 +457,22 @@ export function indexHtmlMiddleware(
           : server.config.preview.headers
 
         try {
-          let html = await fsp.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8')
+          let html: string
           if (isDev) {
-            html = await server.transformIndexHtml(url, html, req.originalUrl)
+            const clientEnv = server.environments.client
+            const resolvedId =
+              await clientEnv.pluginContainer.resolveId(filePath)
+            if (!resolvedId) return next()
+
+            const result = await clientEnv.transformRequest(filePath)
+            if (!result) return next()
+            const moduleInfo = clientEnv.pluginContainer.getModuleInfo(
+              resolvedId.id,
+            )
+            if (!moduleInfo) return next()
+            html = moduleInfo.meta['vite:build-html'] ?? ''
+          } else {
+            html = await fsp.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8')
           }
           return send(req, res, html, 'html', { headers })
         } catch (e) {
diff --git a/playground/assets/__tests__/relative-base/assets-relative-base.spec.ts b/playground/assets/__tests__/relative-base/assets-relative-base.spec.ts
index 576e65bae7cb89..cfd2a9c91b8ccc 100644
--- a/playground/assets/__tests__/relative-base/assets-relative-base.spec.ts
+++ b/playground/assets/__tests__/relative-base/assets-relative-base.spec.ts
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ describe('image', () => {
       expect(s).toMatch(
         isBuild
           ? /other-assets\/asset-[-\w]{8}\.png \dx/
-          : /\.\/nested\/asset\.png \dx/,
+          : /\/nested\/asset\.png \dx/,
       )
     })
   })
diff --git a/playground/assets/__tests__/runtime-base/assets-runtime-base.spec.ts b/playground/assets/__tests__/runtime-base/assets-runtime-base.spec.ts
index 48e982b60e37ac..2a826bc7b6337c 100644
--- a/playground/assets/__tests__/runtime-base/assets-runtime-base.spec.ts
+++ b/playground/assets/__tests__/runtime-base/assets-runtime-base.spec.ts
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ describe('image', () => {
       expect(s).toMatch(
         isBuild
           ? /other-assets\/asset-[-\w]{8}\.png \dx/
-          : /\.\/nested\/asset\.png \dx/,
+          : /\/nested\/asset\.png \dx/,
       )
     })
   })
diff --git a/playground/assets/__tests__/url-base/assets-url-base.spec.ts b/playground/assets/__tests__/url-base/assets-url-base.spec.ts
index 1e143c9b772fba..9587fd66bc96d4 100644
--- a/playground/assets/__tests__/url-base/assets-url-base.spec.ts
+++ b/playground/assets/__tests__/url-base/assets-url-base.spec.ts
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ describe('image', () => {
       expect(s).toMatch(
         isBuild
           ? /other-assets\/asset-[-\w]{8}\.png \dx/
-          : /\.\/nested\/asset\.png \dx/,
+          : /\/nested\/asset\.png \dx/,
       )
     })
   })