Backport enable exception handling patch to llvm 19

[mcbarton]

Description

Please include a summary of changes, motivation and context for this PR.

This PR backports the enable exception handling patch to llvm 19, and according to my local testing will allow the failing test in #678 to pass, so that the emscripten workflow will go green. For this to work, you would need to clear the cache on main of Emscripten llvm 19 builds, merge this in, and once the workflow on main has rebuilt the cache, rebase that PR.

Fixes # (issue)

Type of change

Please tick all options which are relevant.

• Bug fix
• New feature
• Requires documentation updates

Testing

Please describe the test(s) that you added and ran to verify your changes.

Checklist

• I have read the contribution guide recently

[mcbarton]

@Vipul-Cariappa Here is the backported patch you need for your PR.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 79.64%. Comparing base (b7ab5ae) to head (4f5200b).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #692   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   79.64%   79.64%           
=======================================
  Files           9        9           
  Lines        3930     3930           
=======================================
  Hits         3130     3130           
  Misses        800      800           

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[Vipul-Cariappa]

Thanks for this.
Looks good to me if the tests pass.