PyMC (formerly PyMC3) is a Python package for Bayesian statistical modeling focusing on advanced Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and variational inference (VI) algorithms. Its flexibility and extensibility make it applicable to a large suite of problems.
Check out the PyMC overview, or one of the many examples! For questions on PyMC, head on over to our PyMC Discourse forum.
- Intuitive model specification syntax, for example,
x ~ N(0,1)translates tox = Normal('x',0,1) - Powerful sampling algorithms, such as the No U-Turn Sampler, allow complex models with thousands of parameters with little specialized knowledge of fitting algorithms.
- Variational inference: ADVI for fast approximate posterior estimation as well as mini-batch ADVI for large data sets.
- Relies on PyTensor which provides:
- Computation optimization and dynamic C or JAX compilation
- NumPy broadcasting and advanced indexing
- Linear algebra operators
- Simple extensibility
- Transparent support for missing value imputation
Plant growth can be influenced by multiple factors, and understanding these relationships is crucial for optimizing agricultural practices.
Imagine we conduct an experiment to predict the growth of a plant based on different environmental variables.
import pymc as pm
# Taking draws from a normal distribution
seed = 42
x_dist = pm.Normal.dist(shape=(100, 3))
x_data = pm.draw(x_dist, random_seed=seed)
# Independent Variables:
# Sunlight Hours: Number of hours the plant is exposed to sunlight daily.
# Water Amount: Daily water amount given to the plant (in milliliters).
# Soil Nitrogen Content: Percentage of nitrogen content in the soil.
# Dependent Variable:
# Plant Growth (y): Measured as the increase in plant height (in centimeters) over a certain period.
# Define coordinate values for all dimensions of the data
coords={
"trial": range(100),
"features": ["sunlight hours", "water amount", "soil nitrogen"],
}
# Define generative model
with pm.Model(coords=coords) as generative_model:
x = pm.Data("x", x_data, dims=["trial", "features"])
# Model parameters
betas = pm.Normal("betas", dims="features")
sigma = pm.HalfNormal("sigma")
# Linear model
mu = x @ betas
# Likelihood
# Assuming we measure deviation of each plant from baseline
plant_growth = pm.Normal("plant growth", mu, sigma, dims="trial")
# Generating data from model by fixing parameters
fixed_parameters = {
"betas": [5, 20, 2],
"sigma": 0.5,
}
with pm.do(generative_model, fixed_parameters) as synthetic_model:
idata = pm.sample_prior_predictive(random_seed=seed) # Sample from prior predictive distribution.
synthetic_y = idata.prior["plant growth"].sel(draw=0, chain=0)
# Infer parameters conditioned on observed data
with pm.observe(generative_model, {"plant growth": synthetic_y}) as inference_model:
idata = pm.sample(random_seed=seed)
summary = pm.stats.summary(idata, var_names=["betas", "sigma"])
print(summary)From the summary, we can see that the mean of the inferred parameters are very close to the fixed parameters
| Params | mean | sd | hdi_3% | hdi_97% | mcse_mean | mcse_sd | ess_bulk | ess_tail | r_hat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| betas[sunlight hours] | 4.972 | 0.054 | 4.866 | 5.066 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 3003 | 1257 | 1 |
| betas[water amount] | 19.963 | 0.051 | 19.872 | 20.062 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 3112 | 1658 | 1 |
| betas[soil nitrogen] | 1.994 | 0.055 | 1.899 | 2.107 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 3221 | 1559 | 1 |
| sigma | 0.511 | 0.037 | 0.438 | 0.575 | 0.001 | 0 | 2945 | 1522 | 1 |
# Simulate new data conditioned on inferred parameters
new_x_data = pm.draw(
pm.Normal.dist(shape=(3, 3)),
random_seed=seed,
)
new_coords = coords | {"trial": [0, 1, 2]}
with inference_model:
pm.set_data({"x": new_x_data}, coords=new_coords)
pm.sample_posterior_predictive(
idata,
predictions=True,
extend_inferencedata=True,
random_seed=seed,
)
pm.stats.summary(idata.predictions, kind="stats")The new data conditioned on inferred parameters would look like:
| Output | mean | sd | hdi_3% | hdi_97% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plant growth[0] | 14.229 | 0.515 | 13.325 | 15.272 |
| plant growth[1] | 24.418 | 0.511 | 23.428 | 25.326 |
| plant growth[2] | -6.747 | 0.511 | -7.740 | -5.797 |
# Simulate new data, under a scenario where the first beta is zero
with pm.do(
inference_model,
{inference_model["betas"]: inference_model["betas"] * [0, 1, 1]},
) as plant_growth_model:
new_predictions = pm.sample_posterior_predictive(
idata,
predictions=True,
random_seed=seed,
)
pm.stats.summary(new_predictions, kind="stats")The new data, under the above scenario would look like:
| Output | mean | sd | hdi_3% | hdi_97% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plant growth[0] | 12.149 | 0.515 | 11.193 | 13.135 |
| plant growth[1] | 29.809 | 0.508 | 28.832 | 30.717 |
| plant growth[2] | -0.131 | 0.507 | -1.121 | 0.791 |
- API quickstart guide
- The PyMC tutorial
- PyMC examples and the API reference
- Bayesian Analysis with Python (third edition) by Osvaldo Martin: Great introductory book.
- Probabilistic Programming and Bayesian Methods for Hackers: Fantastic book with many applied code examples.
- PyMC port of the book "Doing Bayesian Data Analysis" by John Kruschke as well as the first edition.
- PyMC port of the book "Statistical Rethinking A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan" by Richard McElreath
- PyMC port of the book "Bayesian Cognitive Modeling" by Michael Lee and EJ Wagenmakers: Focused on using Bayesian statistics in cognitive modeling.
See also the section on books using PyMC on our website.
- Here is a YouTube playlist gathering several talks on PyMC.
- You can also find all the talks given at PyMCon 2020 here.
- The "Learning Bayesian Statistics" podcast helps you discover and stay up-to-date with the vast Bayesian community. Bonus: it's hosted by Alex Andorra, one of the PyMC core devs!
To install PyMC on your system, follow the instructions on the installation guide.
Please choose from the following:
PyMC: A Modern and Comprehensive Probabilistic Programming Framework in Python, Abril-Pla O, Andreani V, Carroll C, Dong L, Fonnesbeck CJ, Kochurov M, Kumar R, Lao J, Luhmann CC, Martin OA, Osthege M, Vieira R, Wiecki T, Zinkov R. (2023)
BibTex version
@article{pymc2023, title = {{PyMC}: A Modern and Comprehensive Probabilistic Programming Framework in {P}ython}, author = {Oriol Abril-Pla and Virgile Andreani and Colin Carroll and Larry Dong and Christopher J. Fonnesbeck and Maxim Kochurov and Ravin Kumar and Junpeng Lao and Christian C. Luhmann and Osvaldo A. Martin and Michael Osthege and Ricardo Vieira and Thomas Wiecki and Robert Zinkov }, journal = {{PeerJ} Computer Science}, volume = {9}, number = {e1516}, doi = {10.7717/peerj-cs.1516}, year = {2023} }
A DOI for all versions.
DOIs for specific versions are shown on Zenodo and under Releases
We are using discourse.pymc.io as our main communication channel.
To ask a question regarding modeling or usage of PyMC we encourage posting to our Discourse forum under the “Questions” Category. You can also suggest feature in the “Development” Category. Requests for non-technical information about the project are also welcome on Discourse, we also use Discourse internally for general announcements or governance related processes.
You can also follow us on these social media platforms for updates and other announcements:
To report an issue with PyMC please use the issue tracker.
- Bambi: BAyesian Model-Building Interface (BAMBI) in Python.
- calibr8: A toolbox for constructing detailed observation models to be used as likelihoods in PyMC.
- gumbi: A high-level interface for building GP models.
- SunODE: Fast ODE solver, much faster than the one that comes with PyMC.
- pymc-learn: Custom PyMC models built on top of pymc3_models/scikit-learn API
- Exoplanet: a toolkit for modeling of transit and/or radial velocity observations of exoplanets and other astronomical time series.
- beat: Bayesian Earthquake Analysis Tool.
- CausalPy: A package focussing on causal inference in quasi-experimental settings.
- PyMC-Marketing: Bayesian marketing toolbox for marketing mix modeling, customer lifetime value, and more.
See also the ecosystem page on our website. Please contact us if your software is not listed here.
See Google Scholar here and here for a continuously updated list.
The GitHub contributor page shows the people who have added content to this repo
which includes a large portion of contributors to the PyMC project but not all of them. Other
contributors have added content to other repos of the pymc-devs GitHub organization or have contributed
through other project spaces outside of GitHub like our Discourse forum.
If you are interested in contributing yourself, read our Code of Conduct and Contributing guide.
PyMC is a non-profit project under NumFOCUS umbrella. If you want to support PyMC financially, you can donate here.
You can get professional consulting support from PyMC Labs.
