chore(sdk): bump baseimage to debian:trixie-20251020-slim

[endersonmaia]

This pull request updates the base image versions for Debian and Postgres in the docker-bake.hcl configuration file. These changes help ensure the SDK uses the latest security patches and improvements from upstream images.

Dependency updates:

• Updated the CARTESI_BASE_IMAGE to use a newer Debian Trixie slim image with a new SHA256 digest.
• Updated the POSTGRES_BASE_IMAGE to use a newer Postgres 17 Trixie image with a new SHA256 digest.

[changeset-bot]

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Latest commit: eaa015a

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