chore(rust): Add proptest strategies for Series physical types

[Kevin-Patyk]

Resolves the first part of the Series checklist in: #23448.

The #[allow(unused_mut)] will be removed once I expand the functionality to the other Series strategies.

I tried a more compact technique for selecting types with several options, like UINT and INT. In previous iterations, I would make a bitflag for each respective variant (UInt8, UInt32, etc.) and then a match arm for if they got selected. In this iteration, to prevent repetition, I only have one flag for INT/UINT/FLOAT and one match arm. The arm goes into a strategy that randomly selects one of the variants using proponeof!.

If this is accepted, I can go back to the proptest strategies for DataType and AnyValue and refactor them to make it a bit shorter and less boilerplate. This would also remove the need for nth_set_bit_u64().

Let me know your thoughts. Thank you!

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 0% with 92 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 81.73%. Comparing base (664656e) to head (ad18e2a).
⚠️ Report is 59 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-core/src/series/proptest.rs	0.00%	92 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #24549      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.76%   81.73%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files        1684     1685       +1     
  Lines      229458   229550      +92     
  Branches     2952     2952              
==========================================
+ Hits       187616   187634      +18     
- Misses      41099    41173      +74     
  Partials      743      743              

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.

[coastalwhite]

Thank you very much @Kevin-Patyk. Sorry for the slow reviews, it has been quite hectic here.

[Kevin-Patyk]

Thank you very much @Kevin-Patyk. Sorry for the slow reviews, it has been quite hectic here.

No worries @coastalwhite. I saw all the updates about cloud coming out and was assuming it was very busy :)