FIPS202: Provide alignment constraints for output buffers #1240

hanno-becker · 2025-10-20T04:08:13Z

mlkem-native will only call the FIPS202 API with aligned buffers, which can be useful for users providing their own FIPS202 implementation.

This commit extends the documentation and CBMC contracts accordingly, and adds debug assertions for checking alignment. Note that CBMC does, to the best of my knowledge, not support talking about absolute pointer alignment, so we cannot rely on proof here.

This is relevant for zerorisc/expo#97

mlkem-native will only call the FIPS202 API with aligned output buffers which can be useful for users providing their own FIPS202 implementation. This commit extends the documentation and CBMC contracts accordingly, and adds debug assertions for checking alignment. Note that CBMC does, to the best of my knowledge, not support talking about absolute pointer alignment, so we cannot rely on proof here. We also take the opportunity to align internal buffers used in the default C implementation of mlk_shake256x4. Signed-off-by: Hanno Becker <[email protected]>

oqs-bot

Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`12295` cycles	`12295` cycles	`1`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`14953` cycles	`14953` cycles	`1`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`19491` cycles	`19501` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`21347` cycles	`21349` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`23907` cycles	`23926` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`30474` cycles	`30494` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`30333` cycles	`30335` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`34540` cycles	`34541` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`44141` cycles	`44143` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`59731` cycles	`59708` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`67176` cycles	`67100` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`85904` cycles	`85702` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`101701` cycles	`101880` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`113021` cycles	`113147` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`139657` cycles	`139940` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`154633` cycles	`155297` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`171349` cycles	`175881` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`207314` cycles	`211447` cycles	`0.98`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`9725` cycles	`9609` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`11041` cycles	`11092` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`15239` cycles	`15103` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`16498` cycles	`16475` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`17866` cycles	`17760` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`23402` cycles	`23429` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`22467` cycles	`22680` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`24296` cycles	`24272` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`31947` cycles	`31841` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`28948` cycles	`28930` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`36007` cycles	`35949` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`45334` cycles	`45305` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`48277` cycles	`47999` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`57865` cycles	`57515` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`70275` cycles	`69922` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`71624` cycles	`71219` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`83607` cycles	`83197` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`100149` cycles	`99767` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`28346` cycles	`28332` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`34143` cycles	`34037` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`44416` cycles	`44301` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`48277` cycles	`48259` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`54183` cycles	`54210` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`68653` cycles	`68671` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`70435` cycles	`70526` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`78853` cycles	`78796` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`98465` cycles	`98349` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`16870` cycles	`16865` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`18598` cycles	`18609` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`23994` cycles	`24001` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`28683` cycles	`28733` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`29906` cycles	`29898` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`37674` cycles	`37704` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`41481` cycles	`41518` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`43822` cycles	`43893` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`54301` cycles	`54381` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`11942` cycles	`11879` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`13427` cycles	`13439` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`18323` cycles	`18317` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`20556` cycles	`20575` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`21491` cycles	`21509` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`28763` cycles	`28673` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`27917` cycles	`27959` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`29609` cycles	`29636` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`39042` cycles	`39068` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`36416` cycles	`36412` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`42888` cycles	`42831` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`55700` cycles	`55720` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`59563` cycles	`59631` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`67561` cycles	`67753` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`84931` cycles	`84867` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`87406` cycles	`87652` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`98085` cycles	`98272` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`119751` cycles	`119773` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`38511` cycles	`38505` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`47561` cycles	`47537` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`60963` cycles	`60960` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`63878` cycles	`63913` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`74885` cycles	`74861` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`92934` cycles	`92885` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`94405` cycles	`94493` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`108804` cycles	`108789` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`131421` cycles	`131739` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton2

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`28330` cycles	`28306` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`34068` cycles	`34098` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`44360` cycles	`44404` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`48298` cycles	`48265` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`54277` cycles	`54145` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`68749` cycles	`68639` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`70449` cycles	`70481` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`78755` cycles	`78889` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`98309` cycles	`98498` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`16301` cycles	`16268` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`18424` cycles	`18556` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`24972` cycles	`25030` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`27878` cycles	`29162` cycles	`0.96`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`31286` cycles	`30470` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`41010` cycles	`39360` cycles	`1.04`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`37568` cycles	`37574` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`40416` cycles	`40171` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`53882` cycles	`53863` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`41010` cycles	`39360` cycles	`1.04`

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oqs-bot

Graviton4

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`17636` cycles	`17658` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`20651` cycles	`20644` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`27078` cycles	`27090` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`30226` cycles	`30252` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`32961` cycles	`32955` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`42172` cycles	`42187` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`43830` cycles	`43858` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`48845` cycles	`48895` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`61577` cycles	`61572` cycles	`1.00`

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

oqs-bot

Graviton4 (no-opt)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`35375` cycles	`35402` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`40792` cycles	`40806` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`51543` cycles	`51533` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`59439` cycles	`58804` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`65595` cycles	`66166` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`80068` cycles	`80061` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`87688` cycles	`87785` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`97075` cycles	`97069` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`116268` cycles	`116310` cycles	`1.00`

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`46117` cycles	`46150` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`54851` cycles	`54831` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`69951` cycles	`69981` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`76003` cycles	`75991` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`87052` cycles	`86935` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`106918` cycles	`106758` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`110478` cycles	`110517` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`125335` cycles	`124882` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`150500` cycles	`150109` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton3

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`18673` cycles	`18683` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`22017` cycles	`22000` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`28979` cycles	`29006` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`31899` cycles	`31932` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`34989` cycles	`34980` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`45030` cycles	`45049` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`46287` cycles	`46313` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`51581` cycles	`51641` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`65169` cycles	`65214` cycles	`1.00`

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

oqs-bot

Graviton2 (no-opt)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`59231` cycles	`59398` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`68776` cycles	`68910` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`87506` cycles	`87493` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`100095` cycles	`99171` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`111196` cycles	`111365` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`135788` cycles	`136304` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`148806` cycles	`148930` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`164667` cycles	`164465` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`195869` cycles	`195927` cycles	`1.00`

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

oqs-bot

Graviton3 (no-opt)

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`38780` cycles	`38795` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`44906` cycles	`44928` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`56675` cycles	`56672` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`65028` cycles	`64175` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`72044` cycles	`72738` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`88047` cycles	`87957` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`95700` cycles	`95668` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`106316` cycles	`106273` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`126732` cycles	`126846` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

SpacemiT K1 8 (Banana Pi F3) benchmarks

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`155232` cycles	`155240` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`163138` cycles	`163110` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`206355` cycles	`206370` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`261038` cycles	`260968` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`275782` cycles	`275538` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`338138` cycles	`337761` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`395569` cycles	`395152` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`424071` cycles	`422201` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`505419` cycles	`506020` cycles	`1.00`

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hanno-becker · 2025-10-20T06:39:45Z

@mkannwischer Unfortunately, one cannot fully discharge those constraints, as sometimes one hashed straight into a buffer provided at the toplevel API. One would need to either a) add alignment constraints at the toplevel, b) add a copy at the toplevel, c) avoid the alignment constraints altogether.

We should definitely extend our testing to exercise unaligned buffers at the toplevel.

oqs-bot

Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks

Benchmark suite	Current: `038ab4a`	Previous: `6048cab`	Ratio
`ML-KEM-512 keypair`	`50771` cycles	`51671` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-KEM-512 encaps`	`59096` cycles	`59384` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-512 decaps`	`75960` cycles	`76049` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-768 keypair`	`88076` cycles	`87579` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 encaps`	`96737` cycles	`95925` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-KEM-768 decaps`	`118599` cycles	`119410` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-KEM-1024 keypair`	`130194` cycles	`129911` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 encaps`	`141882` cycles	`142563` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-KEM-1024 decaps`	`173487` cycles	`173582` cycles	`1.00`

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mkannwischer · 2025-10-20T07:30:27Z

@mkannwischer Unfortunately, one cannot fully discharge those constraints, as sometimes one hashed straight into a buffer provided at the toplevel API. One would need to either a) add alignment constraints at the toplevel, b) add a copy at the toplevel, c) avoid the alignment constraints altogether.

We should definitely extend our testing to exercise unaligned buffers at the toplevel.

That is indeed unfortunate. Do you still want to merge this PR now? It gives the false impression that FIPS202 can assume alignment of the output.

hanno-becker · 2025-10-20T08:15:42Z

Do you still want to merge this PR now?

No, definitely not in this form.

hanno-becker force-pushed the fips202_align_size branch 8 times, most recently from d5305d3 to e9b12dd Compare October 20, 2025 04:28

hanno-becker added the needs-work label Oct 20, 2025

hanno-becker force-pushed the fips202_align_size branch from e9b12dd to e27068b Compare October 20, 2025 06:10

hanno-becker changed the title ~~FIPS202: Provide alignment constraints for in/out buffers~~ FIPS202: Provide alignment constraints for output buffers Oct 20, 2025

hanno-becker marked this pull request as ready for review October 20, 2025 06:17

hanno-becker requested a review from a team as a code owner October 20, 2025 06:17

hanno-becker force-pushed the fips202_align_size branch from e27068b to 038ab4a Compare October 20, 2025 06:19

hanno-becker added benchmark this PR should be benchmarked in CI and removed needs-work labels Oct 20, 2025

oqs-bot reviewed Oct 20, 2025

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hanno-becker marked this pull request as draft October 20, 2025 08:15

hanno-becker added needs-work and removed benchmark this PR should be benchmarked in CI labels Oct 20, 2025

FIPS202: Provide alignment constraints for output buffers #1240

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FIPS202: Provide alignment constraints for output buffers #1240

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks

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Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i)

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i) (no-opt)

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a) (no-opt)

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a) (no-opt)

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Graviton2

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Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i)

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

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Graviton4

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Graviton4 (no-opt)

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Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i) (no-opt)

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Graviton3

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Graviton2 (no-opt)

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hanno-becker commented Oct 20, 2025 •

edited

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