feat[lang]: improve error messages for internal types

[charles-cooper]

add more info to the panic so that it can be triaged more easily

What I did

fix #4725

How I did it

How to verify it

Commit message

Commit message for the final, squashed PR. (Optional, but reviewers will appreciate it! Please see our commit message style guide for what we would ideally like to see in a commit message.)

Description for the changelog

Cute Animal Picture

[pcaversaccio]

The related issue is #4725. I mean it fixes the problem somehow, was more wondering if we could guess instead the name of the correct argument name?

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 0% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 93.07%. Comparing base (232e27f) to head (d0ad40c).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
vyper/semantics/types/base.py	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #4726   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   93.07%   93.07%           
=======================================
  Files         131      131           
  Lines       19082    19082           
  Branches     3318     3318           
=======================================
  Hits        17760    17760           
  Misses        891      891           
  Partials      431      431           

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.