Update Polymake from 4.12 to 4.14

[cxzhong]

polymake 4.12 do not support perl 5.4.0. Update to polymake 4.14 Fixes #40449

📝 Checklist

• The title is concise and informative.
• The description explains in detail what this PR is about.
• I have linked a relevant issue or discussion.
• I have created tests covering the changes.
• I have updated the documentation and checked the documentation preview.

⌛ Dependencies

[orlitzky]

I've confirmed the SHA sums and am upgrading our Gentoo package at the moment. v4.14 can't be any worse than the one we've got, since v4.12 doesn't even build with newer compilers.

Since sage doesn't link to polymake (AFAIK it just runs the executable), I think we would be better off suggesting to users that they install polymake using their system's package manager. But that's an issue for another day. Thanks.